The DOI matches its Crossref record; 218 of the 220 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Epithelial barrier repair and prevention of allergy
Open accessAbstract
Allergic diseases have in common a dysfunctional epithelial barrier, which allows the penetration of allergens and microbes, leading to the release of type 2 cytokines that drive allergic inflammation. The accessibility of skin, compared with lung or gastrointestinal tissue, has facilitated detailed investigations into mechanisms underlying epithelial barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis (AD). This Review describes the formation of the skin barrier and analyzes the link between altered skin barrier formation and the pathogenesis of AD. The keratinocyte differentiation process is under tight regulation. During epidermal differentiation, keratinocytes sequentially switch gene expression programs, resulting in terminal differentiation and the formation of a mature stratum corneum, which is essential for the skin to prevent allergen or microbial invasion. Abnormalities in keratinocyte differentiation in AD skin result in hyperproliferation of the basal layer of epidermis, inhibition of markers of terminal differentiation, and barrier lipid abnormalities, compromising skin barrier and antimicrobial function. There is also compelling evidence for epithelial dysregulation in asthma, food allergy, eosinophilic esophagitis, and allergic rhinosinusitis. This Review examines current epithelial barrier repair strategies as an approach for allergy prevention or intervention.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“FLG degradation products (FDPs) including pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA) and urocanic acid (UCA) are essential for the regulation of skin hydration, pH, photoprotection, and normal epidermal barrier function (19, 20).”
From Particulate matter causes skin barrier dysfunction. (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Epidermal barrier proteins such as filaggrin (FLG) play pivotal roles in maintaining normal skin barrier function (13, 18, 19).”
From Particulate matter causes skin barrier dysfunction. (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In our current study, we focused on PM2.5-mediated skin barrier function directly because skin barrier dysfunction is considered an initial step of the development of AD (14, 19).”
From Particulate matter causes skin barrier dysfunction. (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED: Skin barrier impairment at birth predicts food allergy at 2 years of age
Kelleher, M. M., Dunn-Galvin, A., Gray, C., Murray, D. M., Kiely, M., Kenny, L., McLean, W. H. I., Irvine, A. D., & Hourihane, J. O. (2016) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1312 · Cited by 169
RetractedThe basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition
Kalluri, R., & Weinberg, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci39104 · Cited by 10,196
Williams, H. C., Leung, D. Y. M., Thestrup‐Pedersen, K., & David, T. J. (2000) · Cited by 4,597
Self-citationAtopic Dermatitis: Global Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Nutten, S. (2015) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000370220 · Cited by 3,124
Byrd, A. L., Belkaid, Y., & Segre, J. A. (2018) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.157 · Cited by 2,806
Burks, A. W., James, J. M., & Eigenmann, P. (1951) · Cited by 2,573
p63 is essential for regenerative proliferation in limb, craniofacial and epithelial development
Yang, A., Schweitzer, R., Sun, D., Kaghad, M., Walker, N., Bronson, R. T., Tabin, C. J., Sharpe, A. H., Caput, D., Crum, C. P., et al. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/19539 · Cited by 2,264
Kliewer, S. A., Sundseth, S. S., Jones, S. A., Brown, P. J., Wisely, G. B., Koble, C. S., Devchand, P., Wahli, W., Willson, T. M., Lenhard, J. M., et al. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4318 · Cited by 2,164
Two Phase 3 Trials of Dupilumab versus Placebo in Atopic Dermatitis
Simpson, E. L., Bieber, T., Guttman-Yassky, E., Beck, L. A., Blauvelt, A., Cork, M. J., Silverberg, J. I., Deleuran, M., Kataoka, Y., Lacour, J.-P., et al. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1610020 · Cited by 2,110
A Large-Scale, Consortium-Based Genomewide Association Study of Asthma
Moffatt, M. F., Gut, I. G., Démenais, F., Strachan, D. P., Bouzigon, E., Heath, S. C., von Mutius, E., Farrall, M., Lathrop, M. G., & Cookson, W. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0906312 · Cited by 2,043
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 220 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–251 of 251
Food allergen sensitization patterns in psoriasis patients
Barilo, A. A., Smirnova, S. V., & Sinyakov, A. A. (2024) · Bulletin of Siberian Medicine · doi:10.20538/1682-0363-2024-2-14-20 · Cited by 1
Rachalewski, M., Pasikowska‐Piwko, M., Dębowska, R., Marczak, I., Lendzion, K., Godziątkowski, H., Czarnomysy, R., Rogiewicz, K., & Eris, I. (2024) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics11040136 · Cited by 1
Immunomodulatory potential of primary cilia in the skin
Sun, J., Yuan, H., Yu, Y., Li, A., Zhao, Z., Tang, Y., & Zheng, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1456875 · Cited by 1
Yang, H. R., Zahan, M. N., Hwang, D. H., Prakash, R. L. M., Ravi, D. A., Hong, I., Kim, W. H., Kim, J.-H., Kim, E., & Kang, C. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26041534 · Cited by 1
Yeom, M., Jeon, K., Ryu, D., Park, D., & Jung, E. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0318360 · Cited by 1
Origins of Atopy and the Role of the Skin Barrier in Food Allergy
Hui-Beckman, J. W., & Kim, B.-E. (2025) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.iac.2025.04.001 · Cited by 2
Cai, D., Zhang, H., Zhang, C., Xiao, X., Cui, X., Gu, X., & Chen, L. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14070876 · Cited by 1
Wang, S.-J., Yuan, F., & Yin, L.-M. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-025-06997-z · Cited by 1
Vergine, G., Ottolini, M., Benedetto, G. E. D., Bettini, S., Baldassarre, F., Vergara, D., & Ciccarella, G. (2025) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox14121385 · Cited by 1
Chen, S., Wang, X., Xu, Y., Zeng, W., He, G., & Wen, X. (2025) · Molecular Biomedicine · doi:10.1186/s43556-025-00367-3 · Cited by 1
Dynamic keratinocyte Piezo2 expression drives itch and nerve remodeling in atopic dermatitis
Hu, X., Wu, L., Zhao, G., Shen, T., Wang, T., Liu, Y., Hao, Y., Zhang, L., Liu, L., Zhang, Y., et al. (2026) · The Innovation Life · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-life.2026.100187 · Cited by 1
Acid ceramidase ASAH1 is a key regulator of epidermal ceramide levels and composition
Nobumoto, W., Naganuma, T., Nozaka, N., Ohno, Y., Nojiri, K., & Kihara, A. (2026) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2026.111178 · Cited by 1
Kérob, D., Czermańska, A., Karamon, E. M., Moga, A., Lecerf, G., Nioré, M., Dantec, G. L., Floc'h, C. L., & Tan, J. K. L. (2023) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s418483 · Cited by 1
BIOMARKERS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY OF ALLERGIC DISEASES AND ASTHMAPreprint
Breiteneder, H., Peng, Y., Agache, I. O., Diamant, Z., Eiwegger, T., Fokkens, W. J., Traidl‐Hoffmann, C., Nadeau, K. C., O’Hehir, R. E., O’Mahony, L., et al. (2020) · doi:10.22541/au.159534849.90814517
Huoman, J. (2020) · Linköping University medical dissertations · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-170575
Looman, K. I. M., van Mierlo, M. M. F., van Zelm, M. C., Hu, C., Duijts, L., de Jongste, J. C., Nijsten, T. E. C., Pardo, L. M., Jong, J. C. K., Moll, H. A., et al. (2020) · doi:10.22541/au.160760128.81823126/v1
Epigenetics and precision medicine in allergic diseases
Tost, J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823008-4.00019-6
Prigent, Y., & Kote, F. V. (1969) · OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)
ATUALIZAÇÕES NA ABORDAGEM TERAPÊUTICA DA DERMATITE ATÓPICA: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
ANTUNES, H. B., PINHEIRO, R. D. S., HORAGUTI, C. A. W., & FERRARI, M. D. S. (2022) · Editora Pasteur eBooks · doi:10.29327/563005.1-8
Fungal allergy as a risk factor for developing rosacea
Barilo, A. A., & Smirnova, S. V. (2023) · Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity · doi:10.15789/2220-7619-faa-8038
Immunomodulation by specific HMOS and the relevance in allergy management
Zuurveld, M. (2024) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · doi:10.33540/2065
Wang, Y., Wang, S., Yang, L., Pan, H., Yu, J., Feng, X., Yang, J., Quan, Q., Liu, W., & Cai, H. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4321259/v1
The search for still unknown pathomechanisms of allergy
Leo, G., Incorvaia, C., & Arasi, S. (2024) · doi:10.37349/eaa.2024.00048
Allergies: Un updated review article of food allergy
Alsahli, B. N., Alanazi, A., Alseaib, A. S., Alomayrah, . M., Alqanoor, N. F. M., Alanazi, S. D., Al-Arej, I. M., & Alrasheedi, M. K. (2023) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v7ns1.15305
Skin Infections in Atopic Dermatitis: Treatment Challenges
Sung, M., Kim, B. E., & Leung, D. Y. M. (2025) · Current Treatment Options in Allergy · doi:10.1007/s40521-025-00381-4 · Cited by 1
Self-citationIndustrial Trans Fatty Acids Promote the Development of Food Allergy in a Mouse Model
Fu, W., Ma, R.-X., Hu, J., Wang, C.-C., Cao, C., Qi, S.-Q., Dong, X., Wang, L., Zhang, X., Liu, G., et al. (2025) · Allergy Asthma and Immunology Research · doi:10.4168/aair.2025.17.2.252
Association between atopic dermatitis and risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Pan, H., Han, Q.-P., Zeng, M., Wang, F., Xiong, Y., Wu, B., & Yu, H.-Y. (2025) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1630671
Early Predictors of Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergy
Sung, M., Kim, B. E., & Leung, D. Y. M. (2025) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.iac.2025.06.001
Self-citationPark, J. S., Lee, Y. S., Jung, D. E., Seo, J. W., Na, H. J., Hong, J. W., & Shin, J.-H. (2025) · Laboratory Animal Research · doi:10.1186/s42826-025-00252-8
Detection of Anaphylaxis Through the Cutaneous Barrier
Sundar, A., McMorris, M. S., & Schuler, C. F., IV (2025) · Current Allergy and Asthma Reports · doi:10.1007/s11882-025-01218-5
Jung, Y. S., Park, M. H., Choi, E. B., Park, B., Hwang, J., & Park, M. (2025) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000548409
Yırgın, K., & Çelıksoy, M. H. (2025) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1012804
Hua, C., Liang, Q., Chen, S., Zhu, J., Tang, Y., Chen, X., Song, Y., van der Veen, S., & Cheng, H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23258832
Hua, C., Liang, Q., Chen, S., Zhu, J., Tang, Y., Chen, X., Song, Y., van der Veen, S., & Cheng, H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23258829
Hua, C., Liang, Q., Chen, S., Zhu, J., Tang, Y., Chen, X., Song, Y., van der Veen, S., & Cheng, H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23258826
Hua, C., Liang, Q., Chen, S., Zhu, J., Tang, Y., Chen, X., Song, Y., van der Veen, S., & Cheng, H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23258823
Hua, C., Liang, Q., Chen, S., Zhu, J., Tang, Y., Chen, X., Song, Y., van der Veen, S., & Cheng, H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23258835
The Role of Macrophages in Atopic Dermatitis
Chen, X., Shi, J., Wu, H., & Li, H. (2026) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1155/dth/6142669
Luo, Y., Song, Z., Jiang, P., Ge, L., Zhang, M., Zhou, Z., Wu, Y., & Hu, J. (2026) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2026.102168
Highly Biomimetic Ectodermal Epithelial Organoids for Epithelial Barrier Stimulation Assays
Chen, Y., Li, Y., Deng, C., Li, L., Hu, Z., Heng, B. C., Niu, Y., Sun, S., Gao, M., Chi, X., et al. (2026) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202522709
Mécanismes de l'immunothérapie épicutanée des allergies alimentaires
Laoubi, L. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/848d7714za7e9z43d9zacaez47cd7d35182d
Zaryczańska, A., Sokołowska‐Wojdyło, M., Nowicki, R. J., & Trzeciak, M. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16040663
The Sinonasal Microbiome in ENP
Cavaliere, C., & Loperfido, A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-17378-2_28-1
Fundamentals of dermatologic drug discovery
Grada, A. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Drug Discovery · doi:10.3389/fddsv.2026.1777138
Lyubchenko, T. A., Berdyshev, E. V., Weight, R. M., Xiao, O., Shah, N. J., Markova, A., Lacouture, M. E., Kern, J. A., Goleva, E., & Leung, D. Y. M. (2026) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.70448
Self-citationKojima, A., Sugiyama, T., Ito, Y., Otsuka, K., Ohno, Y., & Kihara, A. (2026) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202602245r
Sharma, M., & Chawla, S. (2026) · Tissue Barriers · doi:10.1080/21688370.2026.2721715
Ahmad, R., Sattar, M. A., Zamani, G. Y., Karim, N., Zahid, S. A., Mir, A., Khan, F. F., & Naeem, M. (2026) · Current Genetic Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40142-026-00270-5
左玉萍, Li, Y., 黄志纯, Zeng, H., Liu, Q., Zhou, Y., Chen, X., Chen, W., Wang, K., & Chen, Q. (2026) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2026.122558
Liu, T., Chen, S., Zhao, W., Di, D., Liu, J., Tian, Y., Luo, Y., Xu, Y., Xue, R., Ye, L., et al. (2026) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.71091
Metadata
- Authors
- Goleva, E., Berdyshev, E., & Leung, D. Y. M.
- Affiliations
- National Jewish Health (US)
- University of Colorado Denver (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leung, Donald Y.M.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2019-02-18
- Volume
- 129
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1463-1474
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-8238
- PMC
- PMC6436854
- OpenAlex
- W2911342375
- Cited by
- 251
- References
- 220
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 4.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Jewish Health
- National Institutes of Health (RR025780, AR41256)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI117673, AI117673, AR41256, U01AI147462)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (AR 41256, R01AR041256, R01 AR41256)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-025780, UL1RR025780)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Keywords
- epithelial barrier repair, allergic diseases, atopic dermatitis, skin barrier formation, keratinocyte differentiation, stratum corneum, type 2 cytokines, asthma, food allergy, eosinophilic esophagitis, allergic rhinosinusitis, allergen penetration, antimicrobial activity, allergy prevention
- MeSH terms
- Allergens, Animals, Cell Differentiation, Epidermis, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Inflammation, Keratinocytes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
