Preclinical and clinical evidence for suppression of alcohol intake by apremilast
Open accessAbstract
Treatment options for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) have minimally advanced since 2004, while the annual deaths and economic toll have increased alarmingly. Phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) is associated with alcohol and nicotine dependence. PDE4 inhibitors were identified as a potential AUD treatment using a bioinformatics approach. We prioritized a newer PDE4 inhibitor, apremilast, as ideal for repurposing (i.e., FDA approved for psoriasis, low incidence of adverse events, excellent safety profile) and tested it using multiple animal strains and models, as well as in a human phase IIa study. We found that apremilast reduced binge-like alcohol intake and behavioral measures of alcohol motivation in mouse models of genetic risk for drinking to intoxication. Apremilast also reduced excessive alcohol drinking in models of stress-facilitated drinking and alcohol dependence. Using site-directed drug infusions and electrophysiology, we uncovered that apremilast may act to lessen drinking in mice by increasing neural activity in the nucleus accumbens, a key brain region in the regulation of alcohol intake. Importantly, apremilast (90 mg/d) reduced excessive drinking in non-treatment-seeking individuals with AUD in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. These results demonstrate that apremilast suppresses excessive alcohol drinking across the spectrum of AUD severity.
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In an RCT encompassing animal and human trials, apremilast effectively reduced excessive alcohol consumption across various models and in individuals with AUD.
“demonstrating that apremilast effectively reduced excessive alcohol consumption across various models and in individuals with AUD”
From A Narrative Review of Current and Emerging Trends in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [88]
The Results report reduced alcohol intake in several mouse models, and the Discussion reports reduced drinking versus placebo in 51 people with severe AUD. However, the characterization of this as an RCT encompassing animal and human trials is inaccurate: the randomized, placebo-controlled trial involved human participants, while the animal experiments were separate preclinical studies. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredApremilast exhibited a significant reduction in drinking, surpassing the efficacy of existing FDA-approved treatments for AUD such as acamprosate and naltrexone.
“Additionally, apremilast exhibited a significant reduction in drinking, surpassing the efficacy of existing FDA-approved treatments for AUD, such as acamprosate and naltrexone”
From A Narrative Review of Current and Emerging Trends in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [88]
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) region was identified as critical for regulating alcohol-related behaviors, and apremilast was found to impact the functional activity of specific neural cell types within the NAc.
“The nucleus accumbens (NAc) region was identified as critical for regulating alcohol-related behaviors, and apremilast was found to impact the functional activity of specific neural cell types within the Nac.”
From A Narrative Review of Current and Emerging Trends in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [88]
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- Authors
- Grigsby, K. B., Mangieri, R. A., Roberts, A. J., Lopez, M. F., Firsick, E. J., Townsley, K. G., Beneze, A., Bess, J., Eisenstein, T. K., Meissler, J. J., Light, J. M., Miller, J., Quello, S., Shadan, F., Skinner, M., Aziz, H. C., Metten, P., Morrisett, R. A., Crabbe, J. C., Roberto, M., Becker, H. C., Mason, B. J., & Ozburn, A. R.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Scripps Research Institute (US)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Temple University (US)
- Oregon Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grigsby, Kolter B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2023-03-15
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 6
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-8238
- PMC
- PMC10014105
- OpenAlex
- W4317475366
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 17
- FWCI
- 12.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA016651,AA013519,AA010760,AA07468,AA027692,U01 AA013498,P60AA06420, U01AA025476)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA013429)
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Grants (BX000313,BX004699,IK2 BX002488)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Keywords
- apremilast, alcoholism, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, drug repurposing, binge drinking, drinking motives, nucleus accumbens, excessive alcohol drinking
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Ethanol, Alcoholism, Animals, Humans, Psoriasis, Thalidomide, Mice, Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors
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