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Weight loss and lipolysis promote a dynamic immune response in murine adipose tissue
Open accessAbstract
Obesity elicits an immune response characterized by myeloid cell recruitment to key metabolic organs, including adipose tissue. However, the response of immune cells to nonpathologic metabolic stimuli has been less well studied, and the factors that regulate the metabolic-dependent accumulation of immune cells are incompletely understood. Here we characterized the response of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) to weight loss and fasting in mice and identified a role for lipolysis in ATM recruitment and accumulation. We found that the immune response to weight loss was dynamic; caloric restriction of high-fat diet-fed mice led to an initial increase in ATM recruitment, whereas ATM content decreased following an extended period of weight loss. The peak in ATM number coincided with the peak in the circulating concentrations of FFA and adipose tissue lipolysis, suggesting that lipolysis drives ATM accumulation. Indeed, fasting or pharmacologically induced lipolysis rapidly increased ATM accumulation, adipose tissue chemoattractant activity, and lipid uptake by ATMs. Conversely, dietary and genetic manipulations that reduced lipolysis decreased ATM accumulation. Depletion of macrophages in adipose tissue cultures increased expression of adipose triglyceride lipase and genes regulated by FFA, and increased lipolysis. These data suggest that local lipid fluxes are central regulators of ATM recruitment and that once recruited, ATMs form lipid-laden macrophages that can buffer local increases in lipid concentration.
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“Recently, Kosteli and colleagues demonstrated that acute weight loss is unexpectedly associated with a rapid -albeit transient -lipolytic-driven recruitment of macrophages into AT (39), thereby confirming similar reports by Granneman and colleagues (44).”
From Adipose tissue remodeling and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“This was indeed observed by Kosteli et al. during chronic weight loss, during which they report that a progressive decrease in lipolysis and ATMΦ content followed 21 days of caloric restriction (39);”
From Adipose tissue remodeling and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Ironically, acute weight loss (days 0-7), a 24-hour fast, or pharmacological induction of adipocyte lipolysis using a β3-adrenergic agonist all resulted in a transient accumulation of lipid-laden ATMΦs (an increase of up to 65% of macrophage infiltration was observed).”
From Adipose tissue remodeling and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“We thus challenged animals with ADRB agonists and found that the ADRB3 agonist CL316,243, but not the ADRB1/2 agonist isoproterenol, was sufficient to induce IL6 (Figure 3E and F), consistent with previous reports (Kosteli et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2014).”
From Origin and function of stress-induced IL-6 in murine models (2020) · cites this paper as Kosteli et al., 2010
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BackgroundTLR4 and prostaglandin pathways at the crossroads of endotoxemia-induced lipolysis
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How does bariatric surgery remodel adipose tissue?
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“15 On the other hand, there is evidence suggesting that ATGL protects against adipose tissue inflammation in response to nutritional and age ‐ related stress.”
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“Since the adipose tissues provide a lipid-enriched microenvironment (79, 80), these features of “ unhealthy macrophages ” have raised the question of whether ATM are constantly under stress by extracellular lipids and the atherogenic hyperlipidemia conditions may aggravate the stress, which drives…”
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“Inhibition of lipolysis by knocking out ATGL was able to ameliorate infiltration, indicating a direct link between lipolytic products and macrophage infiltration (Kosteli et al., 2010).”
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“주성신호에 따라 비만 상태의 지방조직으로 유입되는 대 식세포의 수가 만성적으로 증가하나, 복부피하지방의 대 식세포는 내장지방에 비해 적은 수를 가진다 (11).”
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“Mechanistically, excess FFAs released from adipocytes trigger proinflammatory cytokine production (i.e., IL-6, IL-1 β , and tumor necrosis factor– α ) and provoke tissue inflammation ( 43 , 44 ).”
Coordinated Regulation of Adipose Tissue Macrophages by Cellular and Nutritional Signals
Har, D., Carey, M., & Hawkins, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.2310/jim.0b013e31829ceb39 · Cited by 4
“These findings suggest that chronic lipolysis, which tends to be increased in obesity, results in elevated FFA concentrations and may lead to ATM accumulation.(20) The previously mentioned studies highlight the variety of factors influencing the complex biology of macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue.”
BackgroundEndogenous, Adipocyte-Derived Lipids Signal the Recruitment of Proinflammatory Immune Cells
Lancaster, G. I., & Langley, K. G. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0303 · Cited by 4
“Instead, it is hypothesized that these newly recruited macrophages act as a sink to buffer the increased local FFA concentrations (10).”
BackgroundObesity, Insulin Resistance, and Inflammaging
Itariu, B. K., & Stulnig, T. M. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397803-5.00013-7 · Cited by 5
Toward a Neuroimmunoendocrinology of Adipose Tissue
Gautron, L. (2015) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2015-1735 · Cited by 4
Ribeiro, H. Q. T., Coqueiro, A. Y., Lima, V. B. D. S., Martins, C. E. C., & Tirapegui, J. (2017) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/0260106017733908 · Cited by 4
“Email: audreycoqueiro@hotmail.com It is well established that WAT loss is associated with an increased chronic inflammatory state (Kosteli et al., 2010).”
BackgroundCD11c−MHC2low Macrophages Are a New Inflammatory and Dynamic Subset in Murine Adipose Tissue
Wetzels, S., Bijnen, M., Wijnands, E., van de Gaar, J., Tan, A., Coort, S. L., Biessen, E. A. L., Schalkwijk, C. G., & Wouters, K. (2020) · Immunometabolism · doi:10.20900/immunometab20200015 · Cited by 4
“during weight loss, results in increased CD11c− ATMs in the adipose tissue [18].”
BackgroundScolaro, B., Brown, E. J., Krautter, F., Petitjean, M., Donahoe, C., Pena, S., Garabedian, M. L., Nikain, C. A., Laskou, M., Tufanlı, Ö., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.07.539777 · Cited by 4
“Weight loss was induced by restricting daily caloric intake of obese mice by 30% for 2 weeks (short-term caloric restriction, stCR), as described by Ferrante and colleagues(28).”
MethodBone marrow neutrophil density regulates myelopoiesis during obesity and weight loss
Waterbury, Q. T., Qian, J., Zheng, H., Dirnberger, A. S., Olson, O. C., White, R. A., Wu, F., Kobayashi, H., Malagola, E., Ochiai, Y., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20242174 · Cited by 5
Self-citationPrepartum metabolic profiles as predictors of postpartum health in dairy cows
de Bruijn, B. G. C., van der Drift, S. G. A., de Mol, R. M., van der Werf, J. T. N., van Weeghel, C., Bokkers, E. A. M., van Reenen, C. G., & van Dixhoorn, I. D. E. (2025) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2025.105801 · Cited by 3
Adipose–Muscle Crosstalk in COPD Cachexia: Early Adipose Atrophy Drives Subsequent Muscle Wasting
Shimada, T., Chubachi, S., Nishikawa, K., Arai, T., Iizuka, H., Otake, S., Sakurai, K., Hamamoto, J., Sasaki, M., Maetani, T., et al. (2025) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.70154 · Cited by 4
Li, B., Wu, W., Lu, H., Liu, S., Si, X., Bai, B., Cheng, J., Ding, X., Mao, S., & Xue, Y. (2025) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202401512r · Cited by 3
“As shown in Figure 5D, compared to the CON group, the expression of DEGs linked to inflammation including HIF1A, macrophage markers ( CD68 , CD14 , EMR1 , MSR1 , and CSF1 ), CCL4 , CXCL1 , and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL1RN were all significantly upregulated in the TR group.”
InfluentialCaloric Restriction Reprograms Adipose Tissues in Rhesus Monkeys
Clark, J. P., Rhoads, T. W., McIlwain, S. J., Polewski, M. A., Pavelec, D. M., Colman, R. J., & Anderson, R. M. (2025) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.70254 · Cited by 3
“Changes in the representation of adipose immune and inflammatory cells in response to CR have been previously reported in rodents (Fabbiano et al. 2016; Kosteli et al. 2010), and in humans on CR (Spadaro et al. 2022) or during weight loss from obesity (Capel et al. 2009).”
Inhibition of γ-secretase in adipocytes leads to altered IL-6 secretion and adipose inflammation
Sparling, D. P., McCullough, N., Pajvani, U. B., & Humphrey, M. B. (2020) · Adipocyte · doi:10.1080/21623945.2020.1788235 · Cited by 3
“are directly associated with alterations in immune response through a variety of pathways [41,42].”
BackgroundMacrophage Polarization in Metabolism and Metabolic Disease
Meiliana, A., & Wijaya, A. (2013) · The Indonesian Biomedical Journal · doi:10.18585/inabj.v5i2.56 · Cited by 4
Bioreactors and microphysiological systems for adipose-based pharmacologic screening
Griffin, M. D., & Abbott, R. D. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819376-1.00011-1 · Cited by 3
World Congress on Insulin Resistance, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease
Bloomgarden, Z. T. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-1027 · Cited by 3
Manifestations of Adipose Tissue Dysfunction
Abate, N. I., Sumner, A. E., & Chandalia, M. (2013) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2013/940275 · Cited by 3
“However, as brown adipose tissue has now been identified in adult humans [4– 7], and perhaps just as intriguingly, the identification of UCP1 positive adipocytes within white adipose tissue [8], has led to renewed interest in the scientific community as to whether metabolically active (thermogenic) adipose tissue depo…”
BackgroundMethodKapadia, M., Betjemann, A. M., Cottam, M. A., Mashayekhi, M., Silver, H. J., Hasty, A. H., & Caslin, H. L. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.11.12.566786 · Cited by 3
“However, despite the high prevalence of weight loss and weight regain in the US population, only a few studies measure the proportion and function of adipose immune cells in these conditions(19,41,43 – 46).”
Vitamin D receptor signalling regulates the diet-driven metabolic shift during weaning
Jawla, N., Khare, S., Yadav, N., Nanda, R. K., & Arimbasseri, G. A. (2025) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2025.102158 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, in fl ammatory cell in fi ltration in the adipocytes is also known to induce adipose atrophy [55].”
TNF / TNFR1 is a Key Regulator of Prolonged Fasting‐Induced Decrease in Adipose Tissue
de Oliveira, A. C. C., Babêtto, A. M., Silva, M. L., Lacerda, L. D. S. B., Rodrigues, T. D. S., Oliveira, M. C., Rouault, C., Gautier, E. L., de Oliveira, A. G., Clément, K., et al. (2026) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202501928rr · Cited by 2
“Indeed, under conditions of low energy availability, the inflammatory response contributes significantly to fat pad reduction, promoting the release of energy substrates and supporting systemic energy balance [4, 6, 56].”
InfluentialThe Microbiome Epoch: Cracking the Cardiovascular-Neurodegenerative Disorder Code
Parolini, C., & Amedei, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/fbl47174 · Cited by 2
Mutlu, H. H., & Mutlu, H. H. (2021) · The European Research Journal · doi:10.18621/eurj.792920 · Cited by 2
Acute exercise modulates the inflammatory response in adipose tissue in both lean and obese mice
Lacerda, D. R., Nunes-Silva, A., Silveira, A. L. M., Costa, K. A., Rodrigues, D. F., Moraes, M. M., Pinho, V., Menezes, G. B., Teixeira, M. M., Wanner, S. P., et al. (2023) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112092 · Cited by 2
Rőszer, T. (2024) · Results and problems in cell differentiation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65944-7_6 · Cited by 3
Platelet-Activating Factor-Induced Inflammation in Obesity: A Two-Sided Coin of Protection and Risk
Antonopoulou, S. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14070471 · Cited by 2
“Macrophage accumulation in AT is observed during its expansion, probably driven by adipocyte necrosis, tissue remodeling, or micro-hypoxia, but it is also recorded in mice during fasting and early weight loss, implying a role of lipolysis in ATM recruitment [29].”
Lee, Y.-S., Lee, C., & Jun, H. (2018) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.28503 · Cited by 2
“Because weight loss is associated with recruitment of ATMs [17], we determined whether restricted food feeding frequency affects infiltration of immune cells in adipose tissue.”
BackgroundInfluentialGuerre-Millo, M. (2012) · Obésité · doi:10.1007/s11690-012-0316-y · Cited by 2
Adipose Tissue Macrophages in Obesity, Inflammation, and Cancer
Lumeng, C. N.-K. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6819-6_4 · Cited by 2
Características biológicas del tejido adiposo: el adipocito como célula endocrina
Marcela, R. J. (2012) · Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes · doi:10.1016/s0716-8640(12)70290-0 · Cited by 2
Guerre-Millo, M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-2-8178-0343-2_18 · Cited by 2
“The reversibility of high-fat diet-induced obesity has been addressed in obese rodents submitted to food restriction (Levin and Dunn-Meynell 2000; Kosteli et al. 2010) or to gastric bypass (Troy et al.”
Matarese, G., Procaccini, C., & Rosa, V. D. (2016) · Compendium of Inflammatory Diseases · doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-8550-7_151 · Cited by 3
Application and trend of bioluminescence imaging in metabolic syndrome research
Li, S., Wang, K., Wang, Z., Zhang, W., Liu, Z., Cheng, Y., Zhu, J., Zhong, M., Hu, S., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2022.1113546 · Cited by 2
“Recent studies have shown that the number of macrophages in adipose tissue correlates with the degree of obesity and that weight loss induced by surgery or exercise leads to a reduction in the number of macrophages in the adipose tissue of obese mice (Kosteli et al., 2010; Thomas and Apovian, 2017).”
BackgroundMatarese, G., Procaccini, C., & Rosa, V. D. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Inflammatory Diseases · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-0620-6_151-1 · Cited by 2
Novel Pleiotropic Effects of Niacin
Wanders, D. (2012) · Cited by 2
Dysregulation of adipose ILC2 underlies thermogenic failure in agingPreprint
Goldberg, E. L., Shchukina, I., Youm, Y., Camell, C. D., Dlugos, T., Artyomov, M. N., & Dixit, V. D. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.09.08.288431 · Cited by 2
“The adipose-resident immune compartment controls inflammation in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and regulates fasting-induced lipolysis (1, 2), cold-induced thermogenesis (3, 4), and insulinresistance (5, 6).”
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“Obesity-conditioned macrophages and T cells in adipose tissue remain in a pro-inflammatory, insulin-resistant state (some-times termed ‘trained immunity’ or innate immune memory) that can reactivate quickly if weight is regained [21, 22].”
Aragão, J. M. D. A., Heimfarth, L., Neres, W. D. S., Félix, F. B., dos Santos, P. R., de Abreu, F. F., Cercato, L. M., Nascimento, A. C. S., Vasconcelos, A. B. S., Soares, R. C., et al. (2025) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/1414-431x2025e14737 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Kosteli, A., Sugaru, E., Haemmerle, G., Martin, J. F., Lei, J., Zechner, R., & Ferrante, A. W.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- University of Graz (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Ferrante, Anthony W.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2010-10-01
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3466-3479
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2947229
- OpenAlex
- W2129973062
- Cited by
- 726
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 41.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Russell Berrie Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (DK026687, DK066525)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-063608, R56DK066525, DK026687, (DK066525, P30DK026687, P30DK063608, R01DK066525)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Keywords
- adipose tissue macrophages, lipolysis, weight loss, fasting, caloric restriction, obesity, fatty acid uptake, adipose triglyceride lipase, myeloid cell recruitment, lipid metabolism, high-fat diet, macrophage lipid accumulation, chemoattraction
- MeSH terms
- Acyltransferases, Adipose Tissue, Animals, Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases, Cell Movement, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Lipase, Lipolysis, Macrophages, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Weight Loss, Mice
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