Astrocytic tight junctions control inflammatory CNS lesion pathogenesis

A small-molecule inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome for the treatment of inflammatory diseases

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Development, maintenance and disruption of the blood-brain barrier

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IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel

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Pericytes are required for blood–brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis

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Human TH17 lymphocytes promote blood-brain barrier disruption and central nervous system inflammation

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Claudin-based tight junctions are crucial for the mammalian epidermal barrier

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Pericytes Control Key Neurovascular Functions and Neuronal Phenotype in the Adult Brain and during Brain Aging

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A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Acute Optic Neuritis

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Critical Regulation of Early Th17 Cell Differentiation by Interleukin-1 Signaling

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Astrocyte barriers to neurotoxic inflammation

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Genomic convergence of locus-based GWAS meta-analysis identifies AXIN1 as a novel Parkinson’s gene

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Brain Barriers and Multiple Sclerosis: Novel Treatment Approaches from a Brain Barriers Perspective

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Loss-of-function manipulations to identify roles of diverse glia and stromal cells during CNS scar formation

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Elucidating glial responses to products of diabetes-associated systemic dyshomeostasis

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The dynamic Nexus: gap junctions control protein localization and mobility in distinct and surprising ways

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Is Targeting the Inflammasome a Way Forward for Neuroscience Drug Discovery?

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Reduction in CD11c+ microglia correlates with clinical progression in chronic experimental autoimmune demyelination

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Effects of Cancer Stem Cells in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Brain Metastasis: Challenges and Solutions

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Impaired Cerebral Perfusion in Multiple Sclerosis: Relevance of Endothelial Factors

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Desert Hedgehog-Driven Endothelium Integrity Is Enhanced by Gas1 (Growth Arrest-Specific 1) but Negatively Regulated by Cdon (Cell Adhesion Molecule-Related/Downregulated by Oncogenes)

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Matrine treatment induced an A2 astrocyte phenotype and protected the blood-brain barrier in CNS autoimmunity

Jing, Y., Ma, R., Chu, Y., Dou, M., Wang, M., Li, X., & Zhu, L. D. (2021) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102004 · Cited by 24

Tightening the retinal glia limitans attenuates neuroinflammation after optic nerve injury

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Glia limitans superficialis oxidation and breakdown promote cortical cell death after repetitive head injury

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Blood-brain barrier biomarkers

Zapata-Acevedo, J. F., Mantilla-Galindo, A., Vargas-Sánchez, K., & González-Reyes, R. E. (2024) · Advances in clinical chemistry · doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2024.04.004 · Cited by 23

Cryptococcus neoformans–astrocyte interactions: effect on fungal blood brain barrier disruption, brain invasion, and meningitis progression

Woo, Y. H., & Martinez, L. R. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.1080/1040841x.2020.1869178 · Cited by 24

Optogenetic Activation of Astrocytes Reduces Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption via IL-10 In Stroke

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Molecular Motors in Blood–Brain Barrier Maintenance by Astrocytes

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Temporal Effects of Quercetin on Tight Junction Barrier Properties and Claudin Expression and Localization in MDCK II Cells

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Dysregulation of Blood-Brain Barrier and Exacerbated Inflammatory Response in Cx47-Deficient Mice after Induction of EAE

Stavropoulos, F., Georgiou, E., Sargiannidou, I., & Kleopa, K. A. (2021) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph14070621 · Cited by 21

Herpesviridae, Neurodegenerative Disorders and Autoimmune Diseases: What Is the Relationship between Them?

Francesco, M. A. D. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16010133 · Cited by 22

Activated peripheral blood mononuclear cell mediators trigger astrocyte reactivity

Bellaver, B., da Rocha, A. S., de Souza, D. G., Leffa, D. T., Bastiani, M. A. D., Schu, G. G., Ferreira, P. C. L., Venturin, G. T., Greggio, S., Ribeiro, C. T., et al. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.041 · Cited by 21

Bridging metabolic syndrome and cognitive dysfunction: role of astrocytes

Li, Z., Jiang, Y., Long, C., Peng, X., Tao, J., Pu, Y., & Yue, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1393253 · Cited by 22

Perivascular tissue resident memory T cells as therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis

Smolders, J., Fransen, N. L., Hsiao, C., Hamann, J., & Huitinga, I. (2020) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1776609 · Cited by 22

Neurovascular Unit Alterations in the Growth-Restricted Newborn Are Improved Following Ibuprofen Treatment

Chand, K. K., Miller, S. M., Cowin, G., Mohanty, L., Pienaar, J., Colditz, P. B., Bjorkman, S. T., & Wixey, J. A. (2021) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02654-w · Cited by 20

Tau and Amyloid beta causes microglial activation in Alzheimer’s disease

Chinnathambi, S., Adithyan, A., Chandrashekar, M., & Rangappa, N. (2025) · Advances in clinical chemistry · doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2025.06.002 · Cited by 19

Crotalphine Attenuates Pain and Neuroinflammation Induced by Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice

Giardini, A. C., Evangelista, B. G., Sant’Anna, M. B., Martins, B. B., Lancellotti, C. L. P., Ciena, A. P., Chacur, M., Pagano, R. L., Ribeiro, O. G., Zambelli, V. O., et al. (2021) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins13110827 · Cited by 17

Microbiota metabolites affect sleep as drivers of brain‑gut communication (Review)

Cheng, H. Y., Yang, W., Xu, H., Zhu, W., Gong, A., Yang, X., Li, S., & Xu, H. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2025.5571 · Cited by 21

Neural and Glial Regulation of Angiogenesis in CNS in Ischemic Stroke

Grinchevskaya, L. R., Salikhova, D. I., Silachev, D. N., & Goldshtein, D. V. (2024) · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10517-024-06219-4 · Cited by 16

Non-Cell Autonomous Roles for CASK in Optic Nerve Hypoplasia

Kerr, A., Patel, P. A., LaConte, L. E. W., Liang, C., Chen, C.-K., Shah, V. S., Fox, M. A., & Mukherjee, K. (2019) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.19-27197 · Cited by 17

Immune conversations at the border: meningeal immunity in health and disease

Patel, P. U., Regmi, A., Dass, A. I., & Rojas, O. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1531068 · Cited by 20

Anti-Inflammatory Agents: An Approach to Prevent Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease

Brod, S. A. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215125 · Cited by 16

Subcellular analysis of blood-brain barrier function by micro-impalement of vessels in acute brain slices

Hanafy, A. S., Steinlein, P., Pitsch, J., Silva, M. H., Vana, N., Becker, A. J., Graham, M. E., Schoch, S., Lamprecht, A., & Dietrich, D. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36070-6 · Cited by 16

Caveolin-1 in Stroke Neuropathology and Neuroprotection: A Novel Molecular Therapeutic Target for Ischemic-Related Injury

Wang, S., & Head, B. P. (2018) · Current Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570161116666180206112215 · Cited by 15

Revisiting the immune landscape post spinal cord injury: More than black and white

Liu, Z.-G., Yang, F., Shi, J., Pengyu, C., Yu, S., & Bo-Yin, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.963539 · Cited by 14

Secretomics reveals gelatinase substrates at the blood-brain barrier that are implicated in astroglial barrier function

Burmeister, M., Frauenstein, A., Kahms, M., Arends, L., Gerwien, H., Deshpande, T., Kuhlmann, T., Groß, C. C., Naik, V. N., Wiendl, H., et al. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adg0686 · Cited by 16

Loss of Direct Vascular Contact to Astrocytes in the Hippocampus as an Initial Event in Alzheimer’s Disease. Evidence from Patients, In Vivo and In Vitro Experimental Models

Pomilio, C. J., Presa, J., Oses, C., Vinuesa, A., Bentivegna, M., Gregosa, A., Riudavets, M. A., Sevlever, G. E., Galván, V., Levi, V., et al. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03897-5 · Cited by 15

The Brain Endothelial Cell Glycocalyx Plays a Crucial Role in the Development of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Hayden, M. R. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13101955 · Cited by 14

Therapeutic Delivery of Soluble Fractalkine Ameliorates Vascular Dysfunction in the Diabetic Retina

Rodriguez, D., Church, K. A., Smith, C. T., Vanegas, D., Cardona, S. M., Muzzio, I. A., Nash, K. R., & Cardona, A. E. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25031727 · Cited by 14

A Breakdown of Immune Tolerance in the Cerebellum

Hampe, C. S., & Mitoma, H. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12030328 · Cited by 15

Neuro-Immune Mechanisms of Anti-Cryptococcal Protection

Drummond, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof4010004 · Cited by 14

The role and potential therapeutic targets of astrocytes in central nervous system demyelinating diseases

Tan, R., Hong, R., Sui, C., Yang, D., Tian, H., Zhu, T., & Yang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1233762 · Cited by 13

Full-length Dhh and N-terminal Shh act as competitive antagonists to regulate angiogenesis and vascular permeability

Hollier, P.-L., Chapouly, C., Diop, A., Guimbal, S., Cornuault, L., Gadeau, A., & Renault, M. (2020) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa285 · Cited by 12

Astrocytic junctional adhesion molecule-A regulates T-cell entry past the glia limitans to promote central nervous system autoimmune attack

Amatruda, M., Chapouly, C., Woo, V., Safavi, F., Zhang, J., Dai, D., Therattil, A., Moon, C. Y., Villavicencio, J., Gordon, A., et al. (2022) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcac044 · Cited by 13

EphA4/EphrinB2 signaling mediates pericyte-induced transient glia limitans formation as a secondary protective barrier after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice

Zhou, J., Guo, P., Duan, M., Li, J., Ru, X., Li, L., Guo, Z., Zhang, J. H., Feng, H., Chen, Y., et al. (2022) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114293 · Cited by 12

Frontline Science: Blood-circulating leukocytes fail to infiltrate the spinal cord parenchyma after spared nerve injury

Guimarães, R. M., Davoli-Ferreira, M., Fonseca, M. M., Damasceno, L. E. A., Santa-Cecília, F. V., Kusuda, R., Menezes, G. B., Cunha, F. Q., Alves-Filho, J. C., & Cunha, T. M. (2019) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.hi1118-458r · Cited by 12

The link between gut microbiota and multiple sclerosis from the perspective of barrier function

Ren, J., Niu, Z., Wang, J., Guo, J., Hao, H.-J., Gao, F., Liu, R., & Wang, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1652796 · Cited by 13

The Role of Astrocytes in the Mechanism of Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders

Cao, Y., Lin, X., Liu, X., Yu, K., Miao, H., & Li, T. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12111435 · Cited by 11

Research progress of neurovascular units involved in ischemic stroke

Yang, Y., Tong, H., Ye, Z., Xu, Z., & Tao, T. (2024) · Ibrain · doi:10.1002/ibra.12166 · Cited by 12

A Closer Look at the Perivascular Unit in the Development of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Hayden, M. R. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12010096 · Cited by 13

Gut epithelial and vascular barrier abnormalities in patients with chronic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction

Boschetti, E., Accarino, A. M., Malagelada, C., Malagelada, J. R., Cogliandro, R. F., Gori, A., Tugnoli, V., Giancola, F., Bianco, F., Bonora, E., et al. (2019) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.13652 · Cited by 10

Novel hippocampal genes involved in enhanced susceptibility to chronic pain-induced behavioral emotionality

Garman, A., Ash, A. M., Kokkinos, E. K., Nerland, D., Winter, L., Langreck, C. B., Forgette, M. L., Girgenti, M. J., Banasr, M., & Đurić, V. (2023) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176273 · Cited by 9

CD44 expression in the cuprizone model

Reinbach, C., Stadler, M.-S., Pröbstl, N., Chrzanowski, U., Schmitz, C., Kipp, M., & Hochstrasser, T. (2020) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146950 · Cited by 9

Study of Effector CD8+ T Cell Interactions with Cortical Neurons in Response to Inflammation in Mouse Brain Slices and Neuronal Cultures

Lin, C.-H., Scheller, A., Liu, Y., Krause, E., & Chang, H. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24043166 · Cited by 9

Aptamer-Based Delivery of Genes and Drugs Across the Blood–Brain Barrier

Yang, L., Yin, Y., Liu, X., & Guo, B. (2026) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph19010164 · Cited by 8

Beyond immune privilege: the brain as a dynamic immunological interface

Kobeissy, F. H., & Salzet, M. (2026) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-026-08561-z · Cited by 9

Do astrocytes act as immune cells after pediatric TBI?

Panchenko, P. E., Hippauf, L., Konsman, J. P., & Badaut, J. (2023) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106231 · Cited by 9

Analysis of potassium ion diffusion from neurons to capillaries: Effects of astrocyte endfeet geometry

Djurich, S., & Secomb, T. W. (2023) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16232 · Cited by 8

Endothelial EGLN3-PKM2 signaling induces the formation of acute astrocytic barrier to alleviate immune cell infiltration after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Duan, M., Ru, X., Zhou, J., Li, Y., Guo, P., Kang, W., Li, W., Chen, Z., Feng, H., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-024-00550-8 · Cited by 8

Progress in brain barriers and brain fluid research in 2017

Keep, R. F., Jones, H. C., & Drewes, L. R. (2018) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-018-0091-8 · Cited by 8

Tight junction proteins in glial tumors development and progression

Moskal, J., & Michalak, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2025.1541885 · Cited by 7

Interleukin-1β suppresses rabies virus infection by activating cGAS-STING pathway and compromising the blood-brain barrier integrity in mice

Wu, D., Wang, J., Huang, C., Zhao, J., Fu, Z. F., Zhao, L., & Zhou, M. (2023) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109708 · Cited by 7

Supervised latent factor modeling isolates cell-type-specific transcriptomic modules that underlie Alzheimer’s disease progression

Hodgson, L. M., Li, Y., Iturria‐Medina, Y., Stratton, J. A., Wolf, G., Krishnaswamy, S., Bennett, D. A., & Bzdok, D. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06273-8 · Cited by 7

Astrocytes play a crucial role in the formation and evolution of MS lesions – Commentary

Quintana, F. J. (2018) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458518796693 · Cited by 7

New Insights in the Complexity and Functionality of the Neurovascular Unit

Schaffenrath, J., & Keller, A. (2020) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2020_424 · Cited by 8

The intersection of circadian rhythms and the blood-brain barrier with drug efficacy and delivery in neurological disorders

Schindler, K. A., Torices, S., Schurhoff, N. A., Gallo, D. I., & Toborek, M. J. (2025) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2025.115645 · Cited by 8

In vivo imaging of the barrier properties of the glia limitans during health and neuroinflammation

Hélie, P., Kloster, F., Pareja, J. R., Vladymyrov, M., Mapunda, J. A., Bouillet, E., Oetiker, Y., Spera, I., Barcos, S., Brenna, A., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-63945-7 · Cited by 7

Junctional adhesion molecule‐A deficient mice are protected from severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Berve, K., Michel, J., Tietz, S., Blatti, C., Ivan, D. C., Enzmann, G. U., Lyck, R., Deutsch, U., Locatelli, G., & Engelhardt, B. (2024) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202350761 · Cited by 6

HIF prolyl hydroxylase 2/3 deletion disrupts astrocytic integrity and exacerbates neuroinflammation

Rosiewicz, K. S., Muinjonov, B., Kunz, S., Radbruch, H., Chen, J., Jüttner, R., Kerkering, J., Ucar, J., Crowley, T., Wielockx, B., et al. (2023) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24380 · Cited by 6

Assessment of blood–brain barrier leakage and brain oxygenation in Connexin‐32 knockout mice with systemic neuroinflammation using pulse electron paramagnetic resonance imaging techniques

Epel, B., Viswakarma, N., Hameed, S., Freidin, M. M., Abrams, C. K., & Kotecha, M. (2024) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.29994 · Cited by 6

Relationship between coagulopathy score and ICU mortality: Analysis of the MIMIC-IV database

Xie, Z., Zhu, S., Wang, J., Zhang, M., Lv, X., Ma, Y., Shan, H., & Zhong, Y. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34644 · Cited by 5

Aldh1l1‐Cre/ERT2 Drives Flox‐Mediated Recombination in Peripheral and CNS Infiltrating Immune Cells in Addition to Astrocytes During CNS Autoimmune Disease

Amatruda, M., Turati, J., Weiss, J., Villavicencio, J., Chen, Z., Britton, G. J., & Horng, S. H. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70239 · Cited by 5

Adult IDH Wild-Type Glioblastoma Ultrastructural Investigation Suggests a Possible Correlation between Morphological Biomarkers and Ki-67 Index

Familiari, P., Relucenti, M., Lapolla, P., Palmieri, M., Antonelli, M., Cristiano, L., Barbaranelli, C., Catalano, M., D’Angelo, L., Familiari, G., et al. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11071968 · Cited by 6

Mitochondria-ER contacts in reactive astrocytes coordinate local perivascular domains to promote vascular remodellingPreprint

Goebel, J., Engelhardt, E., Pelzer, P., Sakthivelu, V., Jahn, H. M., Jevtic, M., Folz-Donahue, K., Kukat, C., Schauss, A., Frese, C. K., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/657999 · Cited by 5

Structural and molecular characterization of astrocyte and vasculature connectivity in the mouse hippocampus and cortex

Lorin, C., Guiet, R., Chiaruttini, N., Ambrosini, G., Boci, E., Abdellah, M., Markram, H., & Keller, D. X. (2024) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24594 · Cited by 4

Astrocytic-OTUD7B ameliorates murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by stabilizing glial fibrillary acidic protein and preventing inflammation

Harit, K., Yi, W., Jeron, A., Schmidt, J., Beckervordersandforth, R., Wyler, E., Manukyan, A., Deckert, M., Radbruch, H., Conrad, T., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-65093-4 · Cited by 5

Astrocyte CB1 receptors drive blood-brain barrier disruption in central nervous system inflammatory disease

Colomer, T., Bernal‐Chico, A., Sánchez-Martín, E., Moreno‐García, A., Baraibar, A. M., Uribe-Irusta, A., Iriarte-Sarria, A., Beriain, S., Skupio, U., Gatuingt-Chasseriaud, C., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-026-03708-3 · Cited by 4

Immune cell infiltration and modulation of the blood-brain barrier in a guinea pig model of tuberculosis: Observations without evidence of bacterial dissemination to the brain

Latham, A. S., Geer, C. E., Ackart, D. F., Weninger, K. N., Gross, C. C., Podell, B. K., Basaraba, R. J., & Moreno, J. A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0307577 · Cited by 5

Neuro-Immune-Endocrine Interactions in Multiple Sclerosis

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Regulation of the Blood–Brain Barrier in Health and DiseasePreprint

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