Surface flux observations on the southeastern tropical Pacific ocean and attribution of SST errors in coupled ocean–atmosphere models.
Open accessAbstract
A new dataset synthesizes in situ and remote sensing observations from research ships deployed to the southeastern tropical Pacific stratocumulus region for 7 years in boreal fall. Surface meteorology, turbulent and radiative fluxes, aerosols, cloud properties, and rawinsonde profiles were measured on nine ship transects along 20°S from 75° to 85°W. Fluxes at the ocean surface are essential to the equilibrium SST. Solar radiation is the only warming net heat flux, with 180–200 W m−2 in boreal fall. The strongest cooling is evaporation (60–100 W m−2), followed by net thermal infrared radiation (30 W m−2) and sensible heat flux (<10 W m−2). The 70 W m−2 imbalance of heating at the surface reflects the seasonal SST tendency and some 30 W m−2 cooling that is mostly due to ocean transport. Coupled models simulate significant SST errors in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Three different observation-based gridded ocean surface flux products agree with ship and buoy observations, while fluxes simulated by 15 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 [CMIP3; used for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report] general circulation models have relatively large errors. This suggests the gridded observation-based flux datasets are sufficiently accurate for verifying coupled models. Longwave cooling and solar warming are correlated among model simulations, consistent with cloud radiative forcing and low cloud amount differences. In those simulations with excessive solar heating, elevated SST also results in larger evaporation and longwave cooling to compensate for the solar excess. Excessive turbulent heat fluxes (10–90 W m−2 cooling, mostly evaporation) are the largest errors in simulations once the compensation between solar and longwave radiation is taken into account. In addition to excessive solar warming and evaporation, models simulate too little oceanic residual cooling in the southeastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
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Turbulent surface fluxes often overcompensate for the enhanced shortwave warming.
“One is that the turbulent surface fluxes often overcompensate for the enhanced shortwave warming (de Szoeke et al., 2010).”
From The tropical atlantic observing system (2019) · cites this paper as de Szoeke et al., 2010
Section 6 reports excessive turbulent-flux cooling in the models, balanced against excess radiative warming and insufficient oceanic cooling. The Summary says excess evaporation is about 40 W m⁻² versus about 20 W m⁻² of net excess radiation after longwave compensation. This supports overcompensation of net radiative warming, but does not establish that turbulent fluxes often exceed the enhanced shortwave warming alone. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- de Szoeke, S. P., Fairall, C. W., Wolfe, D. E., Bariteau, L., & Zuidema, P.
- Affiliations
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Climate
- Publisher
- American Meteorological Society
- Published
- 2010-08-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 4152-4174
- ISSN
- 0894-8755 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-0442
- OpenAlex
- W2160744021
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 8.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Climate (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Met Office
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Keywords
- ocean surface fluxes, sea surface temperature, stratocumulus clouds, evaporation, longwave radiation, solar radiation, turbulent heat flux, cloud radiative forcing, maritime transport
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