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Mixed-Phase Clouds: Progress and Challenges

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Korolev, A., McFarquhar, G., Field, P. R., Franklin, C., Lawson, P., Wang, Z., Williams, E., Abel, S. J. +9 more·2017·Meteorological Monographs
DOI 10.1175/amsmonographs-d-17-0001.1
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Abstract

Mixed-phase clouds represent a three-phase colloidal system consisting of water vapor, ice particles, and coexisting supercooled liquid droplets. Mixed-phase clouds are ubiquitous in the troposphere, occurring at all latitudes from the polar regions to the tropics. Because of their widespread nature, mixed-phase processes play critical roles in the life cycle of clouds, precipitation formation, cloud electrification, and the radiative energy balance on both regional and global scales.Yet, in spite of many decades of observations and theoretical studies, our knowledge and understanding of mixed-phase cloud processes remains incomplete.Mixed-phase clouds are notoriously difficult to represent in numerical weather prediction and climatemodels, and their description in theoretical cloud physics still presents complicated challenges. In this chapter, the current status of our knowledge on mixed-phase clouds, obtained from theoretical studies and observations, is reviewed. Recent progress, along with a discussion of problems and gaps in understanding the mixed-phase environment is summarized. Specific steps to improve our knowledge of mixed-phase clouds and their role in the climate and weather system are proposed.

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  • Mixed-phase clouds that form at temperatures below -5°C at much lower altitudes are more conductive to glaciogenic seeding due to the coexistence of supercooled liquid droplets and ice crystals, unlike cirrus clouds that form at high altitudes (6-11 km) and extremely cold temperatures (<-40°C) where homogenous freezing dominates ice nucleation.

    “Unlike cirrus clouds that form at high altitudes (6-11 km) and extremely cold temperatures ( &lt; -40 ◦ C) where homogenous freezing dominates ice nucleation (Mitchell &amp; Finnegan, 2009), mixed-phase clouds that form at temperatures below -5 ◦ C at much lower altitudes are more conductive to glaciogenic seeding due to the coexistence of supercooled liquid droplets and ice crystals (Fuchs et al.”

    From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Korolev et al., 2017

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Authors
Korolev, A., McFarquhar, G., Field, P. R., Franklin, C., Lawson, P., Wang, Z., Williams, E., Abel, S. J., Axisa, D., Borrmann, S., Crosier, J., Fugal, J., Krämer, M., Lohmann, U., Schlenczek, O., Schnaiter, M., & Wendisch, M.
Affiliations
  • Environment and Climate Change Canada (CA)
  • University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
  • Met Office (GB)
  • Bureau of Meteorology (AU)
  • Stratton Park Engineering Company (United States) (US)
  • University of Wyoming (US)
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
  • NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (US)
  • Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (DE)
  • University of Manchester (GB)
  • Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
  • Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE)
  • ETH Zurich (CH)
  • Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE)
  • Leipzig University (DE)
ORCID
Venue
Meteorological Monographs
Publisher
American Meteorological Society
Published
2017-01
Volume
58
Pages
5.1-5.50
ISSN
0065-9401 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1175/amsmonographs-d-17-0001.1
OpenAlex
W2671127546
Cited by
455
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 33 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 2
FWCI
12.51
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses (vor, 269 d)
Locations
  • Meteorological Monographs (publishedVersion)
  • OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (AGS-1723548)
  • University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (Subaward No. Z17-90029)
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (TR 172)
  • FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (grant agreement no. 603445)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
Keywords
mixed-phase clouds, supercooled liquid droplets, ice particles, water vapor, cloud microphysics, precipitation formation, cloud electrification, cloud radiative effects, cloud life cycle, cloud parameterization, climate modeling, numerical weather prediction

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