Quantifying ice crystal growth rates in natural clouds from glaciogenic cloud seeding experiments
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Abstract
Ice crystals are essential in the evolution of mixed-phase clouds, as ice crystals can quickly grow to large sizes by vapor diffusion and thereby trigger precipitation formation. Vapor diffusional growth rates of ice crystals were quantitatively studied in the laboratory for several decades, forming the basis of various ice crystal growth models. Since field measurements generally only provide snapshots that lack information on ice crystal age or changes induced by cloud processes, significant gaps remain in quantitative field observations, impeding the validation of laboratory experiments and models. Our study addresses this gap through innovative glaciogenic cloud seeding experiments in persistent low-level stratus clouds in the CLOUDLAB project. The controllability and repeatability of our seeding experiments facilitates the quantification of diffusional ice crystal growth rates in natural clouds via in situ measurements. We report growth rates of 0.17–0.81 µm s −1 (major axis of pristine ice crystals) from 14 seeding experiments between −5.1 and −8.3 °C. We also observe how microphysical characteristics induce strong variations in the growth rates, e.g., reduced growth rates in seeding-induced regions of high ice crystal number concentrations. For better comparison to laboratory and non-seeded clouds, we developed two filtering methods to isolate growth conditions less affected by the experimental setup. The comparison shows that the temperature-dependent growth rate variations align with laboratory data, whereas absolute laboratory values are higher. Our findings provide valuable insights into the vapor diffusional growth of ice crystals in natural clouds and connect in situ observations with laboratory and modeling studies.
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The CLOUDLAB project has performed the only field experiments to date explicitly designed to resolve uncertainties in ice crystal growth dynamics and validate glaciogenic seeding efficacy in low-level mixed-phase clouds.
“The CLOUDLAB project has performed the only field experiments to date explicitly designed to resolve uncertainties in ice crystal growth dynamics and validate glaciogenic seeding efficacy in low-level mixed-phase clouds (Fuchs et al., 2025; Henneberger et al., 2023)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
The Introduction describes CLOUDLAB’s controlled glaciogenic seeding experiments in low stratus clouds as a way to quantify ice crystal growth rates. It does not say these were the only such field experiments to date or that they were designed to validate seeding efficacy; it says the findings may help improve seeding operations. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe CLOUDLAB project bridges field experiments, measurements, laboratory studies, and theoretical models to advance understanding of mixed-phase cloud processes.
“The CLOUDLAB project bridges field experiments, measurements, laboratory studies, and theoretical models to advance understanding of mixed-phase cloud processes (Fuchs et al., 2025)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
The Introduction and Data and methods sections describe CLOUDLAB field experiments and in situ measurements, while the Conclusions compare those measurements with laboratory results. The Introduction says field observations are needed to validate theoretical results, but the paper does not establish that CLOUDLAB integrates theoretical models into this work or document the project-wide combination of all four activities. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFor HOLIMO, limitations included a detection threshold (>25 μm) that undersampled smaller crystals, ICNC uncertainties (±5%-15%) from hologram artifacts, and sampling biases from excluding rimed/aggregated ice crystals during manual classification.
“For HOLIMO, limitations included a detection threshold ( > 25 μm) that undersampled smaller crystals, ICNC uncertainties ( ± 5%-15%) from hologram artifacts, and sampling biases from excluding rimed/ aggregated ice crystals during manual classification.”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Split into 3 atoms — 2 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOne CLOUDLAB UAV released AgI flares produced ~20 g of INPs active below -5°C and generated detectable plumes for 5-6 min.
“One UAV released AgI flares produced ∼ 20 g of INPs active below -5 ◦ C (Y. Chen et al., 2024; Fuchs et al., 2025) and generated detectable plumes for 5-6 min (Henneberger et al., 2023)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Section 2.1 says the UAV flare contains about 20 g of AgI, along with other compounds that are ice-active below −5 °C. It does not establish that the flare produces 20 g of ice-nucleating particles; the paper says the composition of the particles after combustion is poorly characterized. The 5–6-minute plume statement is cited to Henneberger et al., not Fuchs et al., in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHOLIMO observations on the TBS showed plume dissipation within 5-12 min, consistent with natural aerosol residence times in mixed-phase clouds.
“HOLIMO observations on the TBS showed plume dissipation within 5-12 min, consistent with natural aerosol residence times in mixed-phase clouds (Fuchs et al., 2025)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Section 2.2 describes HOLIMO on a tethered balloon system observing conditions before and after a seeding plume passed. Sections 2.4–2.4.1 estimate the time from ice-crystal nucleation to observation, not the time for a plume to dissipate. Our copy does not support the 5–12 min dissipation figure or the comparison with natural aerosol residence times in mixed-phase clouds. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
CLOUDLAB's focus on MCT rather than CCT limits the extent to which its findings can be extrapolated to broader CCT applications.
“While CLOUDLAB provided empirical validation of ice nucleation and vapor competition effects under high INP concentrations, its focus on MCT rather than CCT limits the extent to which its findings can be extrapolated to broader CCT applications (Fuchs et al., 2025; Henneberger et al., 2023).”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
The Data and methods section identifies the study as CLOUDLAB field work, and the Conclusions discuss seeding experiments in mixed-phase clouds. The paper also cautions that its unusually high ice-crystal concentrations can affect growth rates. These passages support a limited scope for the findings, but our copy does not explicitly compare MCT with CCT or assess extrapolation to CCT applications. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCLOUDLAB provided empirical validation of ice nucleation and vapor competition effects under high INP concentrations.
“While CLOUDLAB provided empirical validation of ice nucleation and vapor competition effects under high INP concentrations, its focus on MCT rather than CCT limits the extent to which its findings can be extrapolated to broader CCT applications (Fuchs et al., 2025; Henneberger et al., 2023).”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Section 3 reports that seeded clouds had exceptionally high ice crystal number concentrations and that crystal growth rates decreased as those concentrations increased; it interprets this as consistent with competition for water vapor. Section 2.1 describes ice nucleation by seeding particles, but this paper does not establish the claimed effects under high ice-nucleating-particle (INP) concentrations: its high-concentration finding concerns ice crystals (ICNC), not INPs. Page numbers were not supplied for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFor CCT/MCT, key unknowns involve the vapor competition effect on ice crystals growth.
“the vapor competition effect on ice crystals growth”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Section 3 links competition for available water vapor among ice crystals to reduced diffusional growth rates at high ice-crystal concentrations. The paper studies mixed-phase clouds and seeding experiments; these passages do not identify the effect as a key unknown for CCT/MCT. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredKey results included evidence of enhanced ice formation through measured ice crystal growth rates of 0.17-0.81 μm s^-1 and radar reflectivity increases of 10-20 dBZ above background levels, consistent with seeding-induced glaciation.
“Key results included evidence of enhanced ice formation through measured ice crystal growth rates of 0.17-0.81 μm s -1 and radar reflectivity increases of 10-20 dBZ above background levels, consistent with seeding-induced glaciation (Fuchs et al., 2025)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Section 2.3 reports a 20 dBZ radar-reflectivity increase during one seeding plume and observations of fully glaciated patches, supporting the seeding-induced glaciation interpretation. Section 3 reports growth rates above 0.6 and below 0.2 μm s⁻¹, but the eligible main-text passages do not establish the precise 0.17–0.81 μm s⁻¹ range or a 10–20 dBZ range of reflectivity increases. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTwo specialized UAVs, capable of functioning in below-zero temperatures, were deployed: one dedicated to producing INPs and another, equipped with a Portable Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS), profiled aerosol and cloud properties.
“Two specialized UAVs, capable of functioning in below-zero temperatures, were deployed: one dedicated to producing INPs and another, equipped with a Portable Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS), profiled aerosol and cloud properties (Fuchs et al., 2025; Henneberger et al., 2023)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Section 2.1 describes a customized UAV that releases ice-nucleating seeding particles into clouds at temperatures below −5 °C. The paper does not describe a second UAV equipped with POPS or say that it profiled aerosol and cloud properties; Section 2.2 instead describes cloud measurements made with a tethered balloon carrying HOLIMO. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMixed-phase clouds that form at temperatures below -5°C at much lower altitudes are more conductive to glaciogenic seeding due to the coexistence of supercooled liquid droplets and ice crystals, unlike cirrus clouds that form at high altitudes (6-11 km) and extremely cold temperatures (<-40°C) where homogenous freezing dominates ice nucleation.
“Unlike cirrus clouds that form at high altitudes (6-11 km) and extremely cold temperatures ( < -40 ◦ C) where homogenous freezing dominates ice nucleation (Mitchell & Finnegan, 2009), mixed-phase clouds that form at temperatures below -5 ◦ C at much lower altitudes are more conductive to glaciogenic seeding due to the coexistence of supercooled liquid droplets and ice crystals (Fuchs et al.”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe CLOUDLAB experiments provided observational data to validate numerical weather models (e.g., ICON) under high ICNC (>100 L^-1) conditions, where vapor competition suppresses ice crystal growth.
“The experiments provided observational data to validate numerical weather models (e.g., ICON; Omanovic et al., 2024) under high ICNC ( > 100 L -1 ) conditions, where vapor competition suppresses ice crystal growth (Fuchs et al., 2025; Henneberger et al., 2023)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
The Conclusions (pp. 12177–12196; passage has no specific page marker) say the seeding experiments reached ICNC ≥100 L⁻¹, that competition for water vapor reduced ice-crystal growth, and that the observations can constrain and refine numerical-model parameterizations. They do not say these data were used to validate a numerical weather model; the ICON example is separately cited to Omanovic et al. (2024). (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSynchronized GPS timestamps from coordinated UAVs flights and HOLIMO enabled precise Lagrangian plume tracking of ice crystal residence times.
“Synchronized GPS timestamps from coordinated UAVs flights and HOLIMO enabled precise Lagrangian plume tracking of ice crystal residence times (Fuchs et al., 2025; Henneberger et al., 2023)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Section 2.4.1 says UAV GPS data supplied seeding times and locations, while HOLIMO’s observation time came from a motherboard synchronized to the cellular network and its location from a GPS sensor. The paper used those observations together with cloud-radar data and estimated wind speeds to calculate ice-crystal residence times. It does not describe synchronized GPS timestamps from coordinated UAV flights and HOLIMO, or precise Lagrangian tracking. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe third CLOUDLAB campaign (2023-2024) achieved scientific objectives by quantifying ice crystals growth rates and resolving microphysical interdependencies (e.g., vapor competition in high ICNC >100 L^-1) using HOLIMO and radar-validated plume tracking.
“The third campaign (2023-2024) achieved scientific objectives by quantifying ice crystals growth rates and resolving microphysical interdependencies (e.g., vapor competition in high ICNC > 100 L -1 ) using HOLIMOandradar-validated plume tracking (Fuchs et al., 2025)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe HOLIMO imager on the TBS resolved ice crystal habits (pristine vs. rimed) and quantified concentrations up to 2,000 L^-1.
“The HOLIMO imager on the TBS resolved ice crystal habits (pristine vs. rimed) and quantified concentrations up to 2,000 L -1 (Fuchs et al., 2025; Henneberger et al., 2023; Ramelli et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Section 2.2 says the TBS carried HOLIMO, which measured ice crystals and enabled manual classification as pristine or non-pristine (including rimed crystals). The paper reports ice-crystal number concentrations, but the passages reviewed do not establish the claimed limit of 2,000 L⁻¹. Its classification also groups aggregated and rimed crystals rather than distinguishing only pristine from rimed. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe CLOUDLAB UAVs were equipped with propeller heating systems to withstand icing in supercooled clouds and wind speeds up to 25 m s^-1.
“The UAVs were equipped with propeller heating systems to withstand icing in supercooled clouds and wind speeds up to 25 m s -1 (Fuchs et al., 2025; Miller et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Section 2.1 describes a customized CLOUDLAB UAV used to seed supercooled low stratus clouds. It does not state that the UAV had propeller heating or could withstand winds up to 25 m s^-1. Section 2.4.1 discusses measured wind speeds for the experiments, not a UAV wind-tolerance specification; no page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe design of the CLOUDLAB experiment intentionally mimicked natural ice formation, with no long-term alterations to cloud dynamics, as evidenced by microphysical restoration within minutes of plume passage.
“The design of the experiment intentionally mimicked natural ice formation, with no long-term alterations to cloud dynamics, as evidenced by microphysical restoration within minutes of plume passage (Fuchs et al., 2025; Henneberger et al., 2023)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Section 2.1 describes CLOUDLAB’s use of seeding to study ice-crystal growth in natural clouds and says the unseeded cloud was monitored before and after plume passage. Section 2.3 reports changes during plume passage, but the retrieved passages do not establish microphysical restoration within minutes or the absence of long-term changes to cloud dynamics. The paper also does not explicitly say the design was intended to mimic natural ice formation. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSeeding plumes were released 1-3 km upwind of the measurement site within a restricted airspace (4 km radius, 2.2 km height), limiting the plume dispersion to a controlled corridor.
“Seeding plumes were released 1-3 km upwind of the measurement site within a restricted airspace (4 km radius, 2.2 km height), limiting the plume dispersion to a controlled corridor (Fuchs et al., 2025; Henneberger et al., 2023)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Section 2.1 says the UAV releases seeding particles 1–3 km upwind of the main field site and that the plume is advected toward the measurement site. Our copy does not establish a restricted airspace with a 4 km radius and 2.2 km height, or say that it limits dispersion to a controlled corridor. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe ice-nucleating efficiency of AgI particles, while validated at temperatures below -5°C, remains sensitive to localized supersaturation conditions not fully resolved in situ.
“The ice-nucleating efficiency of AgI particles, while validated at temperatures below -5 ◦ C (J. Chen et al., 2024; Fuchs et al., 2025), remains sensitive to localized supersaturation conditions not fully resolved in situ (Fuchs et al., 2025; Henneberger et al., 2023)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Section 2.1 describes seeding below −5 °C with AgI-containing particles and reports evidence of their ice-nucleating efficiency. The Conclusions discuss variable supersaturation in situ and its effect on ice-crystal growth, but do not establish that AgI particles’ ice-nucleating efficiency is sensitive to localized supersaturation or that those conditions were not fully resolved in situ. Page numbers were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe small quantity of seeding material (~20 g AgI per mission) represented a negligible addition relative to natural ice-nucleating particle concentrations, further limiting any lasting environmental impact.
“The small quantity of seeding material ( ∼ 20 g AgI per mission) represented a negligible addition relative to natural ice-nucleating particle concentrations, further limiting any lasting environmental impact (Fuchs et al., 2025; Miller et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Section 2.1 (page not provided) states that each flare contains approximately 200 g of seeding material, including around 20 g of AgI. The paper does not compare that addition with natural ice-nucleating particle concentrations or assess lasting environmental impact; it also distinguishes the AgI amount from the total seeding material. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe CLOUDLAB experiment aimed to advance understanding of ice crystal formation and growth dynamics in supercooled stratus clouds via targeted glaciogenic seeding using AgI particles delivered by UAVs.
“The CLOUDLAB experiment aimed to advance understanding of ice crystal formation and growth dynamics in supercooled stratus clouds via targeted glaciogenic seeding using AgI particles delivered by UAVs (Y. Chen et al., 2024; Fuchs et al., 2025; Miller et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Ground-based cloud and vertical-pointing radars detected seeded regions through reflectivity increases, with detection thresholds to distinguish seeded ice.
“Ground-based cloud and vertical-pointing radars detected seeded regions through reflectivity increases, with detection thresholds to distinguish seeded ice (Fuchs et al., 2025; Henneberger et al., 2023)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
CLOUDLAB primarily targeted MCT processes such as ice nucleation dynamics and glaciation in low-altitude supercooled stratus clouds.
“CCT/MCT research remains the least explored, exemplified by the CLOUDLAB project (2022-ongoing), which primarily targeted MCT processes (CORDIS, 2021; Ramelli et al., 2024) such as ice nucleation dynamics and glaciation in low-altitude supercooled stratus clouds (Fuchs et al., 2025; Henneberger et al., 2023).”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
A key objective of CLOUDLAB was bridging gaps between laboratory studies and field observations by quantifying vapor diffusional ice growth rates in natural clouds, validating laboratory-derived models, and resolving temperature-dependent crystal habit transitions (e.g., columnar to plate-like forms near -8°C).
“A key objective was bridging gaps between laboratory studies and field observations by quantifying vapor diffusional ice growth rates in natural clouds, validating laboratory-derived models, and resolving temperaturedependent crystal habit transitions (e.g., columnar to plate-like forms near -8 ◦ C) (Fuchs et al., 2025)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Silver iodide (AgI) nucleates ice at temperatures below -5°C.
“such as silver iodide (Agl) that nucleates ice at temperatures below -5 ◦ C (J. Chen et al., 2024; Fuchs et al., 2025)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
The exclusion of rimed/aggregated ice crystals restricted analysis to pristine crystals for isolating vapor diffusional growth, skewing growth rate distributions toward smaller crystals as larger specimens were systematically removed.
“This exclusion restricted analysis to pristine crystals for isolating vapor diffusional growth, skewing growth rate distributions toward smaller crystals as larger specimens were systematically removed (Fuchs et al., 2025)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
The POPS onboard the CLOUDLAB UAVs detected aerosol concentrations up to 15,000 cm^-3 in seeding plumes, while filtering data above baseline noise thresholds to ensure reliability.
“The POPS onboard the UAVs detected aerosol concentrations up to 15,000 cm -3 in seeding plumes, while filtering data above baseline noise thresholds to ensure reliability (Fuchs et al., 2025; Miller et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Section 2.1 describes UAV release of seeding particles and observations of the plume at the main site, but does not report POPS measurements. Searches for POPS, 15,000 cm⁻³, and baseline-noise filtering found no passage supporting the attributed concentration or filtering procedure; the filtering discussed in Section 3 concerns ice-crystal growth data instead. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWind profilers and hourly radiosondes provided updates on wind speed and direction, triggering mission adjustments if deviations exceed ± 10% of the expected advection velocity.
“Wind profilers and hourly radiosondes provided updates on wind speed and direction, triggering mission adjustments if deviations exceed ± 10% of the expected advection velocity (Fuchs et al., 2025; Henneberger et al., 2023).”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Section 2.4.1 uses a 10% difference between wind-speed estimates to select a value for calculating ice-crystal residence time, not to trigger mission adjustments. The Acknowledgements mention a wind profiler supporting the experiments, but the copy does not establish hourly radiosonde updates or adjustments based on deviations from expected advection velocity (searched: radiosonde, wind profiler, mission adjustments). (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredContingency planning integrated real-time meteorological monitoring and predefined operational thresholds to ensure safety and data integrity.
“Contingency planning integrated real-time meteorological monitoring and predefined operational thresholds to ensure safety and data integrity.”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Fuchs et al., 2025
Section 2.1 describes cloud-seeding conditions and measurements before and after plume passage, while Section 3.2 describes thresholds used to filter data for analysis. Neither passage addresses contingency planning, real-time operational monitoring, or thresholds intended to ensure safety and data integrity; searches for those terms found no supporting passage. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Inferring the controlling factors of ice aggregation from targeted cloud seeding experiments
Zhang, H., Ramelli, F., Fuchs, C., Omanovic, N., Miller, A. J., Spirig, R., Wu, Z., Chu, Y., Li, X., Lohmann, U., et al. (2026) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-26-1459-2026 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Fuchs, C., Ramelli, F., Miller, A. J., Omanovic, N., Spirig, R., Zhang, H., Seifert, P., Ohneiser, K., Lohmann, U., & Henneberger, J.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Fuchs, Christopher
- Henneberger, Jan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
- Publisher
- Copernicus GmbH
- Published
- 2025-10-07
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 12177-12196
- ISSN
- 1680-7316 (ISSN-L)
- 1680-7324
- OpenAlex
- W4414914033
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4
- FWCI
- 1.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Atmospheric chemistry and physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council (101021272 CLOUDLAB)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › nanoparticles nucleation surface interactions
- Keywords
- mixed-phase clouds, stratus clouds, CLOUDLAB, ice crystal microphysics, ice crystal number concentration, temperature dependence of growth, in situ cloud measurements
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