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Antarctic Ocean and Sea Ice Response to Ozone Depletion: A Two-Time-Scale Problem
Open accessAbstract
The response of the Southern Ocean to a repeating seasonal cycle of ozone loss is studied in two coupled climate models and is found to comprise both fast and slow processes. The fast response is similar to the interannual signature of the southern annular mode (SAM) on sea surface temperature (SST), onto which the ozone hole forcing projects in the summer. It comprises enhanced northward Ekman drift, inducing negative summertime SST anomalies around Antarctica, earlier sea ice freeze-up the following winter, and northward expansion of the sea ice edge year-round. The enhanced northward Ekman drift, however, results in upwelling of warm waters from below the mixed layer in the region of seasonal sea ice. With sustained bursts of westerly winds induced by ozone hole depletion, this warming from below eventually dominates over the cooling from anomalous Ekman drift. The resulting slow time-scale response (years to decades) leads to warming of SSTs around Antarctica and ultimately a reduction in sea ice cover year-round. This two-time-scale behavior—rapid cooling followed by slow but persistent warming—is found in the two coupled models analyzed: one with an idealized geometry and the other with a complex global climate model with realistic geometry. Processes that control the time scale of the transition from cooling to warming and their uncertainties are described. Finally the implications of these results are discussed for rationalizing previous studies of the effect of the ozone hole on SST and sea ice extent.
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“this may suggest that natural decadal variability is also important73,76, or that the timing of different response mechanisms in the models is not adequately resolved74,77.”
From Tendencies, variability and persistence of sea surface temperature anomalies (2020) · cites this paper as [77]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ferreira, D., Marshall, J., Bitz, C. M., Solomon, S., & Plumb, A.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Venue
- Journal of Climate
- Publisher
- American Meteorological Society
- Published
- 2015-02-01
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1206-1226
- ISSN
- 0894-8755 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-0442
- OpenAlex
- W2072436020
- Cited by
- 281
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 15.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Climate (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1341497)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
- Keywords
- Antarctic ozone hole, ozone depletion, Southern Ocean, sea ice extent, sea surface temperature, Southern Annular Mode, Ekman drift, upwelling, sea ice edge, westerlies, radiative forcing
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