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Differential diagnosis and classification of apathy
Abstract
This paper discusses the definition of apathy, reviews its differential diagnosis, and proposes a classification for the conditions that may produce it. Apathy is defined as diminished motivation not attributable to diminished level of consciousness, cognitive impairment, or emotional distress. In its differential diagnosis, abulia, akinesia and akinetic mutism, depression, dementia, delirium, despair, and demoralization must be ruled out. Classification of apathy is organized in terms of its adaptive and functional consequences, its relationship to personality or to sociocultural or environmental events, and its association with psychiatric, neurological, and medical disorders. An approach to assessment and treatment is proposed.
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Citations
Cited by
Reliability and validity of the apathy evaluation scale
Marin, R. S., Biedrzycki, R. C., & Firinciogullari, S. (1991) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(91)90040-v · Cited by 1,805
Levy, M. L., Cummings, J. L., Fairbanks, L. A., Masterman, D., Miller, B. L., Craig, A. H., Paulsen, J. S., & Litvan, I. (1998) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.10.3.314 · Cited by 678
Demoralization Syndrome — a Relevant Psychiatric Diagnosis for Palliative Care
Kissane, D. W., Clarke, D. M., & Street, A. F. (2001) · Journal of Palliative Care · doi:10.1177/082585970101700103 · Cited by 624
Cooper, C., Sommerlad, A., Lyketsos, C. G., & Livingston, G. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14070878 · Cited by 570
The nosological position of apathy in clinical practice
Starkstein, S. E., & Leentjens, A. F. G. (2008) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.136895 · Cited by 371
Metadata
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 1990-01-01
- Volume
- 147
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 22-30
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2472775700
- Cited by
- 620
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 51.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Differential diagnosis and classification of apathy. (1990). American Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.147.1.22
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