The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Relationship between hopelessness and ultimate suicide: a replication with psychiatric outpatients
Abstract
A prospective study of 1,958 outpatients found that hopelessness, as measured by the Beck Hopelessness Scale, was significantly related to eventual suicide. A scale cutoff score of 9 or above identified 16 (94.2%) of the 17 patients who eventually committed suicide, thus replicating a previous study with hospitalized patients. The high-risk group identified by this cutoff score was 11 times more likely to commit suicide than the rest of the outpatients. The Beck Hopelessness Scale thus may be used as a sensitive indicator of suicide potential.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Several international studies reported good psychometric properties of the BHS and suggested satisfactory ability in predicting subsequent suicide behavior, and general health and social functioning [30–34].”
From High depression symptomatology and mental pain characterize suicidal psychiatric patients (2022) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“A score of 9 or higher could detect patients at risk for suicide [31, 35].”
From High depression symptomatology and mental pain characterize suicidal psychiatric patients (2022) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“central therapeutic targets in this clinical cohort because of their independent links to suicidal thoughts and behaviors [50,51]”
From Feasibility and utility of positive psychology exercises for suicidal inpatients (2014) · cites this paper as [50]
Citations
Cites
Endicott, J. (1978) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770310043002 · Cited by 5,686
Depression. Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Aspects.
(1968) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-68-2-502 · Cited by 5,233
(1985) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.142.5.559 · Cited by 1,723
Depression: Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Aspects
Malerstein, A. J. (1968) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1968.22.4.686 · Cited by 1,417
Beyond Normality: The Predictive Value and Efficiency of Medical Diagnoses.
(1977) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-86-4-513_1 · Cited by 1,377
Thinking and Depression: I. Idiosyncratic Content and Cognitive Distortions
BECK, A. T. (1963) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1963.01720160014002 · Cited by 1,308
Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry
Schwab, J. J. (1968) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(68)71813-2 · Cited by 1,291
Antecedent probability and the efficiency of psychometric signs, patterns, or cutting scores.
Meehl, P. E., & ROSEN, A. P. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0048070 · Cited by 1,227
Hopelessness, Depression, and Attempted Suicide
Minkoff, K., BERGMAN, E., Beck, A. T., & Beck, R. W. (1973) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.130.4.455 · Cited by 527
FAWCETT, J. A., Scheftner, W. A., Clark, D., Hedeker, D., Gibbons, R. D., & Coryell, W. H. (1987) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.144.1.35 · Cited by 384
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Resnik HLP, 1980, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychia. try
- Nekanda-Trepka CJS, 1983, Br J Clin Psychiatry, 132, 954
- Wetzel KD, 1980, J Chin Psychiatry, 41, 159
- Beck AT, 1988, Tex
- Beck AT, 1987, Tex
- Beck AT, 1972, US Government Printing Office
- Gleitman H, 1986, Psychology
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,000
Exploration and Analysis of Predictors of Suicidal Ideation in Vocational High School Students
俞, 华. (2022) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2022.125232 · Cited by 1
Paziente che ha tentato il suicidio
Wallaert, R., Baillon-Dhumez, D., & Dantchev, N. (2022) · EMC - Urgenze · doi:10.1016/s1286-9341(22)46866-9 · Cited by 1
Berardelli, I., Cifrodelli, M., Sarubbi, S., Giuliani, C., Antonelli, G., Schirripa, F., Putotto, C., Pulvirenti, F., Innamorati, M., & Pompili, M. (2024) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2024.2427624 · Cited by 1
Theoretical Underpinnings of Suicide: From Psychological Roots to Positive Remedies
Swati, Walia, D., & Kumar, U. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-1403-5_1 · Cited by 1
Exploring suicide risk among female inpatients with eating disorders: a clinical perspective
Pasquini, M., Sarubbi, S., Rogante, E., Maraone, A., Pinucci, I., Boccardi, F., di Girolamo, P., Berardelli, I., Innamorati, M., & Pompili, M. (2025) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-025-01768-7 · Cited by 1
Managing the risk of suicide in people with treatment-resistant depression
Franz, P. J., & Alpert, J. E. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824067-0.00039-6 · Cited by 1
Pompili, M., Sarubbi, S., Biase, G. D., Roberto, P., Fascetti, W., Trocchia, M. A., Erbuto, D., & Berardelli, I. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.09.005 · Cited by 1
Rowe, C. A. (2014) · Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University) · Cited by 1
ABC's of Suicidology: The Role of Affect in Suicidal Behaviors and Cognitions
Yamokoski, C. (2006) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
Discrete emotions, thwarted needs, and suicidality
Gunn, J. F. (2012) · doi:10.7282/t3p55mf6 · Cited by 1
Leventhal, K. C. (2014) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
PSYCHACHE AND SELF-HARMING BEHAVIOUR AMONG MEN WHO ARE HOMELESS: A TEST OF SHNEIDMAN'S MODEL
Patterson, A. A. (2010) · Cited by 1
Passive Suicidal Ideation: A Clinically Relevant Risk Factor for Suicide
Moran, C. (2013) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
Suicide Risk Assessment Tools and Instruments
Sadek, J. R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77773-3_4 · Cited by 1
Peros, O. M., & Ward‐Ciesielski, E. F. (2021) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000815 · Cited by 1
Lytvynenko, O., & Анатольевич, М. А. (2021) · Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools · doi:10.33531/farplss.2021.2.1 · Cited by 1
Cultural Considerations in Suicide Research and Practice
Mendoza‐Rivera, P., Ma, H., Bongar, B. M., & Chu, J. P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41319-4_45-1 · Cited by 1
Assessment and Management of Suicidal Risk
Melvin, G. A., Oquendo, M. A., Stanley, B., & Posner, K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_67-1 · Cited by 1
Wallaert, R., Carena, N., Baillon-Dhumez, D., & Dantchev, N. (2023) · EMC - Tratado de Medicina · doi:10.1016/s1636-5410(23)47972-x · Cited by 1
Cognitive and Behavioral Models of Mental Function and Behavior
Brown, G. K., Mandel, A. A., & Wright, J. H. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_27-1 · Cited by 3
Hochgraf, A. K., Berge, J. M., & Lanza, S. T. (2024) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.107946 · Cited by 1
Psychological Approaches to the Acute Patient in PICUs
Kingsley, M. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108976770.019 · Cited by 1
LİSANS ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN UMUTSUZLUK DÜZEYLERİNİN FARKLI DEĞİŞKENLER AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ
Aksu, M., & Engizek, S. (2024) · Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.61904/sbe.1411182 · Cited by 1
Tutuklu ve Hükümlülerde Umutsuzluk, Ölüme İlişkin Depresyon ve Ölüm Kaygısı İlişkisi
Yıldız, M. (2011) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 1
Zur Hermeneutik depressiver Verzweiflung
Bürgy, M. (2009) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-009-2823-0 · Cited by 1
Eskiyurt, R., & Özkan, B. (2017) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_31_17 · Cited by 1
Psychometric testing of immigrants and natives in an acute psychiatry facility
Berg, J. E. (2017) · Mental Illness · doi:10.4081/mi.2017.6987 · Cited by 2
The Darkness at the End of Life: Suicide in Palliative Care Settings
Forcén, F. E., & Jaramillo, J. R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74391-2_10 · Cited by 1
Relational Treatment Program for Suicidal Adolescents and Their Families “Life Is Calling”
Ólafsdóttir, H. (2018) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731518813670 · Cited by 1
Prácticas de PS1034: Evaluación e Intervención Clínica
Quero, S., Díaz‐García, A., López-Montoyo, A., Bretón, J. M., Serrano, B., García‐Palacios, A., & Botella, C. (2020) · Universitat Jaume I eBooks · doi:10.6035/sapientia167 · Cited by 1
Psychometric testing of immigrants and natives in an acute psychiatry facility
Berg, J. E. (2017) · Mental Illness · doi:10.1108/mi.2017.6987 · Cited by 1
Use of the Modified Emotional Stroop Task to Detect Suicide Risk in College Students
Chung, Y., & Jeglic, E. L. (2014) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e544182014-001 · Cited by 1
Tarquini, S. J. (2010) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 1
Cognitive and Behavioral Model of the Mind
Brown, G. K., Adler, A., & Wright, J. H. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118753378.ch29 · Cited by 1
Rich, C. L. (1991) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1991.tb00467.x · Cited by 1
Development of Interview Form to Estimate the Risk of Self‐Destructive Behaviors
Ono, I., Murai, T., Yasuda, K., Nakamura, M., & Nakajima, T. (1994) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1994.tb03076.x · Cited by 1
Kotalis, L. (2009) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0054066 · Cited by 1
O’Keefe, V. M. (2012) · SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University) · Cited by 1
Bharucha, A. J. (2008) · doi:10.3109/9781420053302-10 · Cited by 1
Psychological approaches to the acute patient
Kingsley, M. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543593.009 · Cited by 1
Depression and Medical Illness in Late Life
Mezuk, B. R., & Gallo, J. J. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199796816.003.0016 · Cited by 2
Treatment of Nightmares Using Imagery Rehearsal Therapy: A Multiple Baseline Study
Nadorff, M. R. (2012) · The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) · doi:10.33915/etd.4902 · Cited by 1
Rigidity and mental health: challenging the view that rigid thinking leads to poor mental health
Said, T. (2002) · Research Online (University of Wollongong) · Cited by 1
Pasche, S. C. (2020) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 1
Bharucha, A. J. (2008) · Medical psychiatry · doi:10.3109/9781420053302.007 · Cited by 1
Diaz, S. V., & Grigg-Damberger, M. M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10208 · Cited by 1
Reilly, E. E. (2017) · Scholars Archive - University at Albany (University at Albany, State University of New York) · doi:10.54014/c255-g0n6 · Cited by 1
Experiences following a suicide attempt
Graham, A. (2012) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) · Cited by 1
Yksilöpsykoterapian aikana tehdyt itsemurhat Suomessa
Pallaskorpi, S. K., Isometsä, E. T., HENRIKSSON, M. M., Suominen, K. H., & Lönnqvist, J. K. (2004) · STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari)
Chapitre 22 – Comportements suicidaires
Par, C., & Bourgeois, M. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-71157-2.00022-4
Méndez, M. D. R. C. (2002) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Scripture as a source of hopefulness for adult Christian men and women
Mills, M. G. (2009) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)
Emotional Problems and Adolescent Suicide
Sofronoff, K., Dalgleish, L. I., & Kosky, R. J. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511509599.005
Clinical Assessment and Differential Diagnosis
Anderson, D. N. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470669600.ch96
Differential Effects of Personality Disorders on Treatment Outcome for Adult Patients with ADHD
Tomer, E. M. (2010) · Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine)
Orker ikke mer – Selvmord etter avsluttet døgnbehandling i psykisk helsevern
Burheim, O., & Biong, S. N. (2013) · Tidsskrift for psykisk helsearbeid · doi:10.18261/issn1504-3010-2013-01-02
Sofronoff, K., Dalgleish, L. I., & Kosky, R. J. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511509599.002
An alternative model for the aetiology of depression
McCombie, I. F. (2009) · Cross Connect (Southern Cross University)
Clinical Implications: The Development of Problem Solving
Sofronoff, K., Dalgleish, L. I., & Kosky, R. J. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511509599.014
Adolescent Suicide: An Overview of the Epidemiology
Sofronoff, K., Dalgleish, L. I., & Kosky, R. J. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511509599.003
Back, D. (2013) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Sofronoff, K., Dalgleish, L. I., & Kosky, R. J. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511509599.016
Den suicidala livsvärlden : texter om självmord på Internet
Widerberg, U. (2006) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)
SUICIDAL BEHAVIOUR IN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Panagioti, M. (2011) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)
A entrevista clínica no contexto do risco de suicídio
Rodrigues, J. C. (2009) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Pohdintoja itsemurhien ehkäisystä
Kuismin, R. (2014) · Theseus (Ammattikorkeakoulujen)
Govender, R. D. (2014) · Protocol Submission & Administration
Walker, K. L. (2014) · Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University)
Interleukin 2 denied on grounds of costs.
Jacob, G. (1991) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.302.6776.592-d
Recovery in Mental Illness: Broadening Our Understanding of Wellness
FLYNN, W. R. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.10.1847
Hoogduin, K. A. L., Schaap, C. P. D. R., Wesselingh, C., Näring, G. W. B., Hopman, I., & Hell, J. (1996) · Directieve therapie · doi:10.1007/bf03060140
Valoración de un paciente con ideación suicida
García‐Campayo, J., Rami, M. C., & Lanero, C. C. (2006) · FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/s1134-2072(06)71363-9
Lorenzo, R. D. (2013) · International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal · doi:10.9734/indj/2013/4825
Suicide during and after pregnancy
Griffith, P. (1991) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.302.6776.592
Konkan, R., ERKUŞ, G. H., Güçlü, O., Şenormancı, Ö., AYDIN, E., Mine, L. G. E. N., & SUNGUR, M. (2012) · The Journal of Neurobehavioral Sciences · doi:10.5455/npakademi.20120201
Principles for pastoral guidance to women on matters related to suicide
Plessis, A. L. D. (2014) · In die Skriflig/In Luce Verbi · doi:10.4102/ids.v48i1.1767
García‐Alandete, J., Rosa, E., & Gallego-Pérez, J. F. (2011)
Sintomatologia depressiva, ideação suicida e envelhecimento ativo: Um estudo na cidade da Covilhã
Janela, A. M. A. (2012) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Campbell, J. (2005) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/05006413
PREDICTORS OF SUICIDE-RELATED IDEATION AMONG OLDER ADULTS: EXPLORING THE ROLE OF IMPULSIVITY
Neufeld, E. (2008) · Summit (Simon Fraser University)
Diferencias en la Vivencia de Sucesos Vitales Estresantes en Nicaragua, Chile y España
Sandino, C. M., Berríos, A. E., Panadero, S., González, P. R., & Cabrera, J. J. V. (2013) · Universitas (León) Revista Científica de la UNAN León · doi:10.5377/universitas.v4i1.1673
Cornell University Asian and Asian American Campus Climate Task Force Report
Wong, W.-K., Blodgett, V., Chang, D., Dalton, R., Harris, R., Hilsman, S., Mier, S., Somchanhmavong, S., & Wong, S. S. (2004)
Psalm 102: A prayer of the afflicted–psychiatry in the Bible
Abraham, S. (2015) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.172072
Emotive responses and female-perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
Howard‐Bostic, C. D. (2014)
REASONS FOR LIVING AND VISUAL CONSTRUCT CHOICES AS RELATED TO SUICIDE RISK OF INPATIENT ADOLESCENTS
Gerteisen, J. K. (2005) · Dominican Scholar (Dominican University of California)
predictor of subsequent suicide Repeated self-poisoning: increasing severity of self-harm as a
Carter, G. L., Reith, D. M., Whyte, I. M., & McPherson, M. (2014)
The Impact of Cognitive Variables as Mediators
Sofronoff, K., Dalgleish, L. I., & Kosky, R. J. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511509599.013
Neufeld, E. (2013) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Suicidal Ideation Among Korean Adolescents
Kim, Y. J. (2014) · UTA ResearchCommons (University of Texas Arlington)
Roxborough, H. M. (2008) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0066548
Testing the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in Community - Residing Older Adults
Murariu, D. (2016) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Henry, M., Whitehorne-Smith, P., & Abel, W. (2015) · WIMJ Open · doi:10.7727/wimjopen.2014.269
Kognitiv atferdsterapi ved selvmordsfare
Repål, A. (2015) · Suicidologi/Nytt i suicidologi · doi:10.5617/suicidologi.2158
Suicidal ideation among a group of Kurdish schizophrenic patients
Rahim, T. A., & Saeed, B. A. (2013) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.xme.0000426219.10118.98
Metadata
- Authors
- Beck, A. T., Brown, G. P., Berchick, R. J., Stewart, B. L., & Steer, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 1990-02-01
- Volume
- 147
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 190-195
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2179463885
- Cited by
- 1,120
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 20.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- hopelessness, suicide, Beck Hopelessness Scale, psychiatric outpatients, suicide risk prediction, suicide potential, replication, cut-off values, hospitalized patients
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alcoholism, Ambulatory Care Facilities, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Suicide
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review