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The Population Impact of Severe Mental Illness on Violent Crime
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the population impact of patients with severe mental illness on violent crime. METHOD: Sweden possesses high-quality national registers for all hospital admissions and criminal convictions. All individuals discharged from the hospital with ICD diagnoses of schizophrenia and other psychoses (N=98,082) were linked to the crime register to determine the population-attributable risk of patients with severe mental illness to violent crime. The attributable risk was calculated by gender, three age bands (15-24, 25-39, and 40 years and over), and offense type. RESULTS: Over a 13-year period, there were 45 violent crimes committed per 1,000 inhabitants. Of these, 2.4 were attributable to patients with severe mental illness. This corresponds to a population-attributable risk fraction of 5.2%. This attributable risk fraction was higher in women than men across all age bands. In women ages 25-39, it was 14.0%, and in women over 40, it was 19.0%. The attributable risk fractions were lowest in those ages 15-24 (2.3% for male patients and 2.9% for female patients). CONCLUSIONS: The population impact of patients with severe mental illness on violent crime, estimated by calculating the population-attributable risk, varies by gender and age. Overall, the population-attributable risk fraction of patients was 5%, suggesting that patients with severe mental illness commit one in 20 violent crimes.
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“The increased prevalence for drug dependence in both sexes may contribute to the reported increased crime rates in the homeless [20,21,22], as substance abuse and dependence is an important risk factor, either alone [71] or comorbid with psychosis [21].”
From The Prevalence of Mental Disorders among the Homeless in Western Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis (2008) · cites this paper as [22]
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“the population attributable risk of severe mental illnesses on violent criminal convictions in Sweden has been estimated at 5% [40].”
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“2) increased vulnerability of the homeless person, including violent victimisation [20] and criminality [21–23];”
From Burden of mental disorders and unmet needs among street homeless people in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (2014) · cites this paper as [22]
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Lundholm, L. (2013) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 6
Psychopathology and Criminal Behavior
Sinnamon, G. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-29460-7.00011-9 · Cited by 5
Proportion of crimes attributable to mental disorders in the Netherlands population
Vinkers, D. J., de Beurs, E., Barendregt, M., Rinne, T., & Hoek, H. W. (2012) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.05.012 · Cited by 5
“7% for arson (1), as we examined only crimes fully and directly attributable to mental illness.”
BackgroundSörman, K., Cox, J. M., Rimsten, C. E., Stanziani, M. R., Lernestedt, C., Kristiansson, M., & Howner, K. (2020) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854820910774 · Cited by 5
“Consistent with the strongly held, although largely debunked, lay belief that severe mental illness is correlated with violence (Appelbaum et al., 2000; Fazel & Grann, 2006), participants in this study tended to perceive individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia as crime prone.”
BackgroundRamadhan, D. A. (2021) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2021.1932032 · Cited by 5
Development and Validation of a Prediction Tool for Reoffending Risk in Domestic Violence
Yu, R., Molero, Y., Lichtenstein, P., Larsson, H., Prescott-Mayling, L., Howard, L. M., & Fazel, S. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.25494 · Cited by 5
Self-citationLandgren, V., Hedman, E., Lindblad, I., Gillberg, C., & Fernell, E. (2023) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.13087 · Cited by 5
Interventions to Address Violence Associated with Mental Illness
Scott, R. J. (2008) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10398560802189904 · Cited by 5
“2% for patients discharged from hospital with a major mental illness.(2)”
BackgroundPsychiatric monitoring of not guilty by reason of insanity outpatients
Almeida, F., Moreira, D. S., Moura, H., & Mota, V. (2015) · Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2015.11.018 · Cited by 5
Thomas, S. D. M. (2013) · Advances in police theory and practice/Advances in police theory and practice series · doi:10.1201/b14853-9 · Cited by 5
Valença, A. M., de Moraes, T. M., Meyer, L. F., Petribú, K., Nardi, A. E., & Mendlowicz, M. V. (2020) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14638 · Cited by 6
“Fazel S, Langstrom N, Hjern A, Grann M, Lichtenstein P. Schizophrenia, substance abuse, and violent crime.”
BackgroundInfluentialKrona, H., Anckarsäter, H. S., Nilsson, T., & Hofvander, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.564171 · Cited by 5
Financial literacy and crime incidence
Jin, J. Y., Liu, S., & Nainar, S. M. K. (2022) · Corporate Ownership and Control · doi:10.22495/cocv19i4art7 · Cited by 5
“Considering that mental illness is a common motive for violent crime (Fazel & Grann, 2006), for future research, it is worth investigating the association between individual financial well-being and mental health.”
BackgroundMoulin, V., Palaric, R., & Gravier, B. (2012) · L information psychiatrique · doi:10.1684/ipe.2012.0968 · Cited by 5
Frankham, E. (2017) · Stigma and Health · doi:10.1037/sah0000121 · Cited by 5
“However, only four percent of violent acts are committed by persons with mental illness (Fazel & Grann, 2006) and research has indicated that persons with mental illness are on average not violent (Choe, Teplin, & Abram, 2008).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Fazel, S., & Grann, M.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- ORCID
- Fazel, Seena
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2006-08
- Volume
- 163
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1397-1403
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W1833357926
- Cited by
- 539
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 24.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- severe mental illness, violent crime, population attributable risk, schizophrenia, psychosis, hospital discharge, criminal conviction, gender differences, age differences, crime types
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Mental Disorders, Crime, Female, Forensic Psychiatry, Hospital Records, Humans, Male, Patient Discharge, Psychotic Disorders, Registries, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Sex Factors, Sweden, Violence, Cohort Studies, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution
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