Cited by 539Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual OffendingCrime Patterns and InterventionsSchizophrenia research and treatment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Population Impact of Severe Mental Illness on Violent Crime

Open access

Fazel, Seena, Grann, Martin·2006·American Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.8.1397

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the population impact of patients with severe mental illness on violent crime. METHOD: Sweden possesses high-quality national registers for all hospital admissions and criminal convictions. All individuals discharged from the hospital with ICD diagnoses of schizophrenia and other psychoses (N=98,082) were linked to the crime register to determine the population-attributable risk of patients with severe mental illness to violent crime. The attributable risk was calculated by gender, three age bands (15-24, 25-39, and 40 years and over), and offense type. RESULTS: Over a 13-year period, there were 45 violent crimes committed per 1,000 inhabitants. Of these, 2.4 were attributable to patients with severe mental illness. This corresponds to a population-attributable risk fraction of 5.2%. This attributable risk fraction was higher in women than men across all age bands. In women ages 25-39, it was 14.0%, and in women over 40, it was 19.0%. The attributable risk fractions were lowest in those ages 15-24 (2.3% for male patients and 2.9% for female patients). CONCLUSIONS: The population impact of patients with severe mental illness on violent crime, estimated by calculating the population-attributable risk, varies by gender and age. Overall, the population-attributable risk fraction of patients was 5%, suggesting that patients with severe mental illness commit one in 20 violent crimes.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.8.1397

Cites

30 of 30 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy
Moffitt, T. E. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.674 · Cited by 9,987
The world report on violence and health
Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L. L., & Zwi, A. B. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11133-0 · Cited by 9,110
Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study
Murray, C. J. L., & López, A. D. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07492-2 · Cited by 7,007
Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data
Lopez, A. D., Mathers, C. D., Ezzati, M., Jamison, D. T., & Murray, C. J. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68770-9 · Cited by 5,630
Violence by People Discharged From Acute Psychiatric Inpatient Facilities and by Others in the Same Neighborhoods
Steadman, H. J., Mulvey, E. P., Monahan, J. T., Robbins, P. C., Appelbaum, P. S., Grisso, T., Roth, L. H., & Silver, E. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.5.393 · Cited by 1,456
The Twelfth Jack Tizard Memorial Lecture *
Farrington, D. P. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01342.x · Cited by 925
Mental Disorder, Intellectual Deficiency, and Crime
Hodgins, S. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820060056009 · Cited by 715
Mental Disorders and Violence in a Total Birth Cohort: Results From the Dunedin Study
Arseneault, L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Taylor, P. J., & Silva, P. A. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.10.979 · Cited by 692
Violence and Severe Mental Illness: The Effects of Substance Abuse and Nonadherence to Medication
Swartz, M. S., Swanson, J. W., Hiday, V. A., Borum, R., Wagner, H. R., & Burns, B. J. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.2.226 · Cited by 628
The Development of Offending and Antisocial Behaviour from Childhood: Key Findings from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development
Farrington, D. P. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · Cited by 582

Show all 30 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

The World Health Report, 2002, Reducing Risks
Dolmén L, 2001, Brottsligheten i olika länder
Rothman KJ, 1998, Greenland S: Modern Epidemiology
Befolkningsstatistik, 2003, Statistics Sweden

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 539

Psychiatric patients with histories of aggression and crime five years after discharge from a cognitive-behavioral program
Yates, K. F., Kunz, M., Khan, A., Volavka, J., & Rabinowitz, S. (2010) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789940903174238 · Cited by 39
“Fazel and Grann ( 2006 ) reported the risk of violence by individuals with psychosis between two and six times larger for men and between two and eight times larger for women compared to similar aged general population.”
Result
The Association Between Teenage Motherhood and Poor Offspring Outcomes: A National Cohort Study Across 30 Years
Coyne, C. A., Långström, N., Lichtenstein, P., & D'Onofrio, B. M. (2013) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2013.23 · Cited by 36
“The National Crime Register (Fazel & Grann, 2006) includes information about all criminal convictions of individuals aged 15 (the age of criminal responsibility) and older since 1973.”
Background
Early risk factors for criminal offending in schizophrenia: a 35-year longitudinal cohort study
Eriksson, Å. I., Romelsjö, A., Stenbacka, M., & Tengström, A. (2010) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0262-7 · Cited by 36
“It should, however, be emphasized that only a minority of individuals with schizophrenia commit violent crimes, and that the absolute number of crimes committed in the society by individuals with severe mental illness such as schizophrenia is low [ 4 ].”
Background
Psychopathy, Antisocial Personality Disorder, and Reconviction in an Australian Sample of Forensic Patients
Shepherd, S. M., Campbell, R. E., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2016) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x16653193 · Cited by 36
“Email: sshepherd@swin.edu.au (Fazel & Grann, 2006; Grann, Danesh, & Fazel, 2008).”
Gender differences in homicide offenders' criminal career, substance abuse and mental health care. A nationwide register‐based study of Finnish homicide offenders 1995–2004
Putkonen, H., Weizmann‐Henelius, G., Lindberg, N., Rovamo, T., & Häkkänen‐Nyholm, H. (2010) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.782 · Cited by 40
A Novel Approach to Determining Violence Risk in Schizophrenia: Developing a Stepped Strategy in 13,806 Discharged Patients
Singh, J. P., Grann, M., Lichtenstein, P., Långström, N., & Fazel, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031727 · Cited by 35
“05% of personal identification numbers between 1988–2000 [16].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Women, psychosis and violence
Taylor, P. J., & Bragado-Jimenez, M. D. (2008) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.11.001 · Cited by 36
“…psychotic violence 5% for women % attributable to psychosis consistently higher c. 1/5 violent crimes by women aged 40+ attributable to schizophrenia Fazel & Grann, 2006 l Hospital inpatient studies generally show women at least as frequently violent as the men More so in specialist secure…”
Background
News Content About Mass Shootings and Attitudes Toward Mental Illness
Wilson, L. C., Ballman, A. D., & Buczek, T. J. (2015) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1077699015610064 · Cited by 34
“It has been estimated that 4% of violent incidences are committed by individuals with mental illness (Fazel & Grann, 2006).”
Background
Patients' own statements of their future risk for violent and self-harm behaviour: A prospective inpatient and post-discharge follow-up study in an acute psychiatric unit
Roaldset, J. O., & Bjørkly, S. K. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.012 · Cited by 35
Violence and Sexual Offending Behavior in People with Autism Spectrum Disorder who have Undergone a Psychiatric Forensic Examination
Søndenaa, E., Helverschou, S. B., Steindal, K., Rasmussen, K. B., Nilson, B., & Nøttestad, J. A. (2014) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/16.15.pr0.115c16z5 · Cited by 35
“A wide range of research indicates that psychiatric disorders and substance use increase the risk of violent criminal behavior ( Arseneault, Moffi tt, Caspi, Taylor, & Silva, 2000 ; Grann & Fazel, 2004 ; Fazel & Grann, 2006 ; Långström, Grann, Ruchkin, Sjöstedt, & Fazel, 2009 ).”
Background
Mentally disordered offenders in Sweden: differentiating recidivists from non-recidivists in a 10-year follow-up study
Krona, H., Nyman, M., Andreasson, H., Vicencio, N., Anckarsäter, H. S., Wallinius, M., Nilsson, T., & Hofvander, B. (2016) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2016.1236400 · Cited by 34
“Major mental disorders carry an increased risk for criminal recidivism (20-22); however, this risk increase has been debated as to whether it is due to comorbid substance use disorders (23).”
Background
Risperidone for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Ostinelli, E. G., Hussein, M. A. M., Ahmed, U., Rehman, F.-U., Miramontes, K., & Adams, C. E. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009412.pub2 · Cited by 33
Child murder and gender differences – A nationwide register-based study of filicide offenders in two European countries
Putkonen, H., Amon, S., Eronen, M., Klier, C. M., Almiron, M. P., Cederwall, J. Y., & Weizmann‐Henelius, G. (2010) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789941003721050 · Cited by 34
“Violent offending in general has been found more attributable to severe mental illness in women than in men (Fazel & Grann, 2006 ), while substance abuse has been found more prevalent among violent male offenders than among corresponding females (Yourstone, Lindholm, Grann, & Fazel, 2009 ).”
Background
Associations of mental health and family background with opioid analgesic therapy: a nationwide Swedish register-based study
Quinn, P. D., Rickert, M. E., Franck, J., Sariaslan, A., Boersma, K., Lichtenstein, P., Larsson, H., & D'Onofrio, B. M. (2019) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001643 · Cited by 36
“In addition to the registers described above, the neighborhood deprivation score additionally drew on the National Crime Register, which includes convictions since 1973.(18) Fourth, we examined parental immigrant status, defined as having at least one parent born outside of the Nordic countries.”
Improving risk assessment in schizophrenia: epidemiological investigation of criminal history factors
Witt, K., Lichtenstein, P., & Fazel, S. (2015) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.144485 · Cited by 32
“16 As homicide is rare (accounting for 2% of the violent convictions in our sample), our findings are more relevant to general psychiatry than research focusing on homicide outcomes.”
Self-citation
Public perceptions of risk in criminality: The effects of mental illness and social disadvantage
Nee, C., & Witt, C. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.013 · Cited by 32
“Similarly, Fazel and Grann (2006) used highly inclusive national registers of psychiatric history and criminal convictions in Sweden.”
Violence During Imprisonment, Forensic Psychiatric Care, and Probation: Correlations and Predictive Validity of the Risk Assessment Instruments COVR, LSI-R, HCR-20V3, and SAPROF
Persson, M., Belfrage, H., Fredriksson, B., & Kristiansson, M. (2017) · International Journal of Forensic Mental Health · doi:10.1080/14999013.2016.1266420 · Cited by 31
“Only a small proportion of all violence seems to be committed by individuals with severe mental disorders (Fazel & Grann, 2006).”
Background
Dangerous or merely ‘difficult’? The new population of forensic mental hospitals
Schanda, H., Stompe, T., & Ortwein-Swoboda, G. (2009) · European psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.07.006 · Cited by 32
“However, this argument applies to all studies using administrative data [8,16,28,48,63].”
Background
The pharmacological management of violence in schizophrenia: a structured review
Topiwala, A., & Fazel, S. (2010) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.180 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
Understanding Homicide–Suicide
Knoll, J. L. (2016) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2016.07.009 · Cited by 32
Mental, neurologic, and substance use (MNS) disorders among street homeless people in Ethiopia
Ayano, G., Assefa, D., Haile, K., Chaka, A., Solomon, H., Hagos, P., Yohannis, Z., Haile, K., Bekana, L., Agidew, M., et al. (2017) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-017-0163-1 · Cited by 29
Psychopathology in adolescent and young adult criminal offenders (15–21 years) in Sweden
Fazel, M. S., Långström, N., Grann, M., & Fazel, S. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0295-8 · Cited by 32
“As previously described, this register is of high quality with only about 1% of discharge diagnoses missing [13].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Psychiatric comorbidity in forensic psychiatry.
Palijan, T. Ž., Mužinić, L., & Radeljak, S. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 32
Zwischenmenschliche Gewalt im Kontext affektiver und psychotischer Störungen
Maier, W., Hauth, I., Berger, T., & Saß, H. (2015) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-015-0040-6 · Cited by 31
Risk factors for inpatient violence and self-harm in forensic psychiatry: the role of head injury, schizophrenia and substance misuse
Brown, S., O’Rourke, S. J., & Schwannauer, M. (2018) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2018.1553064 · Cited by 30
“These definitions and classifications are in line with other recent publications on violence and mental illness (53,60).”
Result
Monitoring and predicting the risk of violence in residential facilities. No difference between patients with history or with no history of violence
de Girolamo, G., Buizza, C., Sisti, D., Ferrari, C., Bulgari, V., Iozzino, L., Boero, M. E., Cristiano, G., Francesco, A. D., Giobbio, G. M., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.05.010 · Cited by 31
Childhood risk factors for offending before first psychiatric admission for people with schizophrenia: a case–control study of high security hospital admissions
Jones, R. M., van den Bree, M. B. M., Ferriter, M., & Taylor, P. J. (2009) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.885 · Cited by 29
Mediators of the association between parental severe mental illness and offspring neurodevelopmental problems
McCoy, B. M., Rickert, M. E., Class, Q. A., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., & D'Onofrio, B. M. (2014) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.05.010 · Cited by 31
“Parental criminality was a dichotomous variable indicating conviction of any crime at or after the age of 15 [44].”
Background
Why does early sexual intercourse predict subsequent maladjustment? Exploring potential familial confounds.
Donahue, K., Lichtenstein, P., Långström, N., & D'Onofrio, B. M. (2012) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028922 · Cited by 29
Gender Differences in Diagnoses of Mentally Disordered Offenders
Yourstone, J., Lindholm, T., Grann, M., & Fazel, S. (2009) · International Journal of Forensic Mental Health · doi:10.1080/14999010903199316 · Cited by 29
“In another population study, violent offending in women was shown to be more attributable to severe mental illness than in men ( Fazel & Grann, 2006 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The medium-secure project and criminal justice mental health
Wilson, S., James, D., & Forrester, A. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62268-4 · Cited by 29
De-escalation techniques for managing non-psychosis induced aggression in adults
Spencer, S., Johnson, P., & Smith, I. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012034.pub2 · Cited by 36
Prenatal smoking exposure and offspring stress coping in late adolescence: no causal link
Kuja‐Halkola, R., D'Onofrio, B. M., Iliadou, A. N., Långström, N., & Lichtenstein, P. (2010) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq133 · Cited by 28
Correctional outcomes of offenders with mental disorders
Stewart, L. A., & Wilton, G. (2014) · Criminal Justice Studies · doi:10.1080/1478601x.2013.873205 · Cited by 28
“…studies have confirmed that although the absolute amount of violent crime committed by individuals with MDs is small (most estimates are under 10%), having a diagnosis for some types of serious MD does indeed increase the risk for violence (e.g. Fazel & Grann, 2006; Walsh, Buchanan, & Fahy, 2002).”
Background
Association between COMT gene and Chinese male schizophrenic patients with violent behavior.
Gu, Y., Yun, L., Tian, Y., & Hu, Z. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 27
Maternal age at first birth and offspring criminality: Using the children of twins design to test causal hypotheses
Coyne, C. A., Långström, N., Rickert, M. E., Lichtenstein, P., & D'Onofrio, B. M. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579412000879 · Cited by 33
Violence and mental disorders. A retrospective study of people in charge of a community mental health center
Pinna, F., Tusconi, M., Dessì, C., Pittaluga, G., Fiorillo, A., & Carpiniello, B. (2016) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.02.015 · Cited by 31
“With regard to clinical samples, the risk of violence seems to be higher among inpatients and those with more severe disorders (Fazel & Grann, 2006; Swanson et al., 2002).”
Background
The link between mental health, crime and violence
Halle, C., Tzani, C., Pylarinou, N., & Fumagalli, A. (2020) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2020.100779 · Cited by 34
Violent offending and IQ level as predictors of suicide in schizophrenia: National cohort study
Webb, R. T., Långström, N., Runeson, B., Lichtenstein, P., & Fazel, S. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.04.031 · Cited by 27
“Violence perpetrated by people with psychotic illnesses is an issue of great public concern, and large birth cohort studies have indicated higher risk (Tiihonen et al., 1997; Arseneault et al., 2000; Brennan et al., 2000; Fazel and Grann, 2006).”
Self-citation
Housing situation and healthcare for patients in a psychiatric centre in Berlin, Germany: a cross-sectional patient survey
Schreiter, S., Heidrich, S., Zulauf, J., Saathoff, U., Bruckner, A. L., Majić, T., Wulf Rössler, A., Schouler‐Ocak, M., Krausz, M. R., Bermpohl, F., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032576 · Cited by 25
28. Mental health, mental disabilities, and crime
Peay, J. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/he/9780198719441.003.0029 · Cited by 25
Traumatic brain injury and violent behavior in females: A systematic review
O’Sullivan, M., Glorney, E., Sterr, A., Oddy, M., & Ramos, S. D. S. (2015) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2015.07.006 · Cited by 25
“Females aged 25-39 years and with a mental illness demonstrate a population attributable risk-fraction of 14% in comparison to 6.7% of males; increasing to 19% for females and 7.3% for males over the age of 40 (Fazel & Grann, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with developmental coordination disorder: 24-year follow-up of a population-based sample
Landgren, V., Fernell, E., Gillberg, C., Landgren, M., & Johnson, M. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03154-w · Cited by 27
“Violent crime was defined in accordance with previous registry-based studies as “homicide and attempted homicide, aggravated assault (an assault that is life-threatening in nature or causes severe bodily harm), common assault, robbery, threatening behavior, harassment, arson, and any sexual crime” [26].”
Result
Major mental disorders, gender, and criminological circumstances of homicide
Richard‐Devantoy, S., Bouyer-Richard, A.-I., Annweiler, C., Gourévitch, R., Jollant, F., Olié, J., Bourdel, M., Lhuillier, J.-P., & Beauchet, O. (2016) · Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2016.01.014 · Cited by 26
The projected effect of risk factor reduction on major depression incidence: A 16-year longitudinal Canadian cohort of the National Population Health Survey
Meng, X., & D’Arcy, C. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.007 · Cited by 31
“There has been an increasing trend of using PAFs to quantify effects of risk factors on mental disorders at the population level (Afifi et al., 2008; Bolton and Robinson, 2010; Fazel and Grann, 2006).”
Background
Women and Men who Committed Murder: Male/Female Psychopathic Homicides
Carabellese, F., Felthous, A. R., Mandarelli, G., Montalbò, D., Tegola, D. L., Parmigiani, G., Rossetto, I., Franconi, F., Ferretti, F., Carabellese, F., et al. (2020) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14450 · Cited by 24
“patients who suffered from schizophrenia (9-11), also those who showed cognitive impairment or executive dysfunction, were at higher risk of committing violent acts (12), including homicide.”
Background
The Effects of Cannabis on Inpatient Agitation, Aggression, and Length of Stay
Johnson, J. M., Wu, C. Y., Winder, G. S., Casher, M. I., Marshall, V. D., & Bostwick, J. R. (2016) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2016.1245457 · Cited by 24
Studying Stress in the Twenty-First-Century: An Update of Stress Concepts and Research
Wheaton, B., & Montazer, S. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.013 · Cited by 24
Understanding gun violence: Factors associated with beliefs regarding guns, gun policies, and gun violence.
Wamser‐Nanney, R. A. (2021) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000392 · Cited by 23
Prisons and Health in the Age of Mass Incarceration
Schnittker, J., Massoglia, M., & Uggen, C. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190603823.001.0001 · Cited by 25
Parental death during childhood and violent crime in late adolescence to early adulthood: a Swedish national cohort study
Berg, L., Rostila, M., Arat, A., & Hjern, A. (2019) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-019-0285-y · Cited by 27
Neurocognitive Vulnerability: Suicidal and Homicidal Behaviours in Patients with Schizophrenia
Richard‐Devantoy, S., Orsat, M., Dumais, A., Turecki, G., & Jollant, F. (2014) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371405900105 · Cited by 27
Comparison of British National Newspaper Coverage of Homicide Committed by Perpetrators with and Without Mental Illness
Kalucy, M., Rodway, C., Finn, J., Pearson, A., Flynn, S., Swinson, N., Roscoe, A., Cruz, D. D., Appleby, L., & Shaw, J. J. (2011) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048674.2011.585605 · Cited by 22
Homicide, schizophrénie et abus de substances : des liaisons dangereuses ?
Richard‐Devantoy, S., Bouyer-Richard, A.-I., Jollant, F., Mondoloni, A., Voyer, M., & Senon, J. (2013) · Revue d Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique · doi:10.1016/j.respe.2013.01.096 · Cited by 22
Antisocial Personality Traits as a Risk Factor of Violence between Individuals with Mental Disorders
Filov, I. (2019) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2019.146 · Cited by 24
“Numerous studies in the field of forensic psychiatry have confirmed a close causal relationship between the violent offender and comorbid psychiatric disorder [16], [17].”
Background
Prevalence and Correlates of Aggression and Hostility in Hospitalized Schizophrenic Patients
Knežević, V., Mitrović, D., Drezgic-Vukic, S., Knezevic, J., Ivezic, A., Siladji, D., & Golubović, B. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515585537 · Cited by 24
“…particular are reported to be engaged in the acts of aggression that are more frequent and more severe than those with other psychiatric illnesses (Fazel & Grann, 2006; Fazel, Langstrom, Hjern, Grann, & Lichtenstein, 2009; Laajasalo & Hakkanen, 2005; Silver, Goodman, Knoll, Isakov, & Modai, 2005;…”
Background
Delusional distress partly explains the relation between persecutory ideations and inpatient aggression on the ward
van Dongen, J. D. M., Buck, N. M. L., & Marle, H. J. C. V. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.016 · Cited by 21
“The population-attributable risk of patients with severe mental illness on violent crime is 5%, although it varies by gender and age (Fazel and Grann, 2006).”
Background
Mass Shootings and Mental Health Policy
Rosenberg, J. (2014) · The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare · doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3835 · Cited by 20
“…of Sociology & Social Welfare Although researchers conclude that mental illness does not lead to violence, a large body of studies found that co-occurring psychiatric disorders and substance abuse are associated with violence (Fazel & Grann, 2006; Swanson et al., 1997; Volavka & Swanson, 2010).”
Background
Prevalence, elicitors, and expression of anger in 21st century mass shootings
Fernandez, E., Callen, A., Johnson, S. L., Gaspar, C., Kulhanek, C., & Jose-Bueno, C. (2020) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101483 · Cited by 30
Association Between Early Contact With Mental Health Services After an Offense and Reoffending in Individuals Diagnosed With Psychosis
Adily, A., Albalawi, O., Kariminia, A., Wand, H. C., Chowdhury, N. Z., Allnutt, S. H., Schofield, P. W., Sara, G. E., Ogloff, J. R. P., O’Driscoll, C., et al. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1255 · Cited by 23
The Association between Schizophrenia and Violent or Homicidal Behaviour: The Prevention and Treatment of Violent Behaviour in These Patients
Belli, H., & Ural, C. (2012) · West Indian Medical Journal · doi:10.7727/wimj.2011.028 · Cited by 20
“The higher risk estimates in women may be a consequence of the lower prevalence of drug and alcohol use in the general female population compared with the general male population, and so violence associated with other causes, including schizophrenia, would be over-represented in the women (23).”
Background
Childhood Behavior Problems and Adolescent Sexual Risk Behavior: Familial Confounding in the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS)
Donahue, K., Lichtenstein, P., Lundström, S., Anckarsäter, H. S., Gumpert, C. H., Långström, N., & D'Onofrio, B. M. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.11.001 · Cited by 21
“We statistically controlled for parental characteristics obtained from two Swedish national registers: the National Crime Register, which includes information about all lower court criminal convictions in Sweden since 1973 for individuals age 15 and older [26], and the Education Register,which includesdata regarding f…”
BackgroundMethod
Testing Putative Causal Associations of Risk Factors for Early Intercourse in the Study of Twin Adults: Genes and Environment (STAGE)
Donahue, K. L., D'Onofrio, B., Lichtenstein, P., & Långström, N. (2012) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9947-1 · Cited by 19
“…wealsocompared individuals completingSTAGE assessments (N = 25,381) to all individuals born in Sweden between 1959 and 1985 (N = 2,859,123) through an anonymized merge with data from the Swedish National Crime Register (Fazel & Grann, 2006) and Education Register (Statistics Sweden, 2011).”
Facial affect recognition deficits: A potential contributor to aggression in psychotic illness
Malone, A., Carroll, A., & Murphy, B. (2011) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.007 · Cited by 23
The Measurement of Mental Disorder
Wakefield, J. C., & Schmitz, M. F. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.005 · Cited by 20
Severe mental illness and firearm access: Is violence really the danger?
Baumann, M. L., & Teasdale, B. (2017) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2017.11.003 · Cited by 19
“Contrary to these claims, there is little evidence to suggest that mental illness contributes to N3–5% of all violent crime (Fazel & Grann, 2006), and there is even less evidence to suggest that mental illness is a primary cause of gun-involved crime, including homicide (Knoll & Annas, 2015;…”
Background
European violence risk and mental disorders (EU-VIORMED): a multi-centre prospective cohort study protocol
de Girolamo, G., Carrà, G., Fangerau, H., Ferrari, C., Gosek, P., Heitzman, J., Salize, H. J., Walker, M. M., Wancata, J., & Picchioni, M. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2379-x · Cited by 22
The Dual Continua Model: The Foundation of the Sociology of Mental Health and Mental Illness
Keyes, C. L. M. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.007 · Cited by 22
Criminal Justice System Involvement Among People with Schizophrenia
Other CATIE Investigators, Greenberg, G. A., Rosenheck, R. A., Erickson, S. K., Desai, R. A., Stefanovics, E. A., Swartz, M. S., Keefe, R. S. E., McEvoy, J., & Stroup, T. S. (2010) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-010-9362-9 · Cited by 21
“Numerous studies have shown that schizophrenia is associated with increased risk for violent behavior among some patients (Arseneault et al. 2000; Brennan et al. 2000; Eronen et al. 1996; Fazel and Grann 2006; Lindqvist and Allebeck 1990; Swanson et al. 1990; Swanson et al. 2006; Walsh et al. 2002), but fewer studies…”
Cognitive functions and recidivism of aggressive behavior in schizophrenic inpatients at Forensic Unit Clinic of Psychiatry in Kosovo
Hundozi, Z., Ibishi, N. F., & Musliu, N. R. (2016) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2016.1233650 · Cited by 19
“…disorders is associated with an increased risk of violent crime when compared with the extremely low risk in the non-sentenced general population (Fazel & Grann, 2006) even after correcting for socio-demographic confounders and co-morbid substance abuse (Brennan, Mednick, & Hodgins, 2000;…”
Background
Forensic psychiatric evaluation of 187 homicidal assailants with and without a schizophrenia spectrum disorder: Clinical, criminological and behavioral characteristics
Carabellese, F., Mandarelli, G., Felthous, A. R., & Catanesi, R. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2515 · Cited by 18
Die psychiatrische Vorgeschichte schizophrener Maßregelpatienten -Rahmenbedingungen der Deliktprävention durch die Allgemeinpsychiatrie
Weithmann, G., & Traub, H.-J. (2008) · Forensische Psychiatrie Psychologie Kriminologie · doi:10.1007/s11757-008-0071-y · Cited by 18
“Nur ein geringer Teil der Gewaltkriminalität wird durch psychisch Kranke verursacht [2, 3].”
Background
Mental Health and Terrorism
Johnson, R. J., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.024 · Cited by 17
Violent criminal behavior in the context of bipolar disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Verdolini, N., Pacchiarotti, I., Köhler, C. A., Reinares, M., Samalin, L., Colom, F., Tortorella, A. A. V., Stubbs, B., Carvalho, A. F., Vieta, E., et al. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.06.050 · Cited by 19
Using Force: Australian Newspaper Depictions of Contacts Between the Police and Persons Experiencing Mental Illness
Kesic, D., Ducat, L., & Thomas, S. D. M. (2011) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/j.1742-9544.2011.00051.x · Cited by 17
Too unwell to trust? The effect of mental health on social trust in Europe
Roychowdhury, P. (2021) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101021 · Cited by 18
The impact of a Housing First intervention and health-related risk factors on incarceration among people with experiences of homelessness and mental illness in Canada
Luong, L., Lachaud, J., Kouyoumdjian, F. G., Hwang, S. W., & Mejía-Lancheros, C. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/s41997-020-00433-z · Cited by 17
Guidelines for news media reporting on mental illness in the context of violence and crime: A Delphi consensus study
Ross, A., Morgan, A. J., Wake, A. N., Jorm, A. F., & Reavley, N. J. (2020) · The Australian Journalism Review · doi:10.1386/ajr_00041_1 · Cited by 16
Risk factors for violent behaviors in patients with schizophrenia: 2-year follow-up study in primary mental health care in China
Huang, Z., Wang, F., Chen, Z.-L., Xiao, Y.-N., Wang, Q., Wang, S., He, X., Migliorini, C., Harvey, C. A., & Hou, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.947987 · Cited by 18
“A further meta-analysis also demonstrated that schizophrenia spectrum disorders are associated with a heightened risk of violent offending (9), in which some studies estimated that up to 20% of patients with schizophrenia in the community will behave violently in a 6-month period (34).”
Background
Violent Behavior and Gender of Swedish Psychiatric Patients: A Prospective Clinical Study
Sturup, J., Monahan, J. T., & Kristiansson, M. (2013) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201200266 · Cited by 20
“This finding is in line with another Swedish study of nonforensic psychiatric patients (31).”
Result
Risk of violence of inpatients with severe mental illness – Do patients with schizophrenia pose harm to others?
Edlinger, M., Rauch, A.-S., Kemmler, G., Yalcin-Siedentopf, N., Fleischhacker, W. W., & Hofer, A. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.021 · Cited by 16
“In summary, the current knowledge suggests that schizophrenia is associated with an increased risk of violence and that a subgroup of schizophrenia patients with an even higher risk exists (Taylor, 2008; Haller et al., 2004; Schanda, 2006; Walsh et al., 2002; Fazel and Grann, 2006).”
Background
Civil commitment law, mental health services, and US homicide rates
Segal, S. P. (2011) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0450-0 · Cited by 16
“In countries with lower homicide rates the mentally ill account for a greater proportion of homicides, potentially making policies related to their care more influential in homicide rate variation [11–13].”
Association between schizophrenia and violence among Chinese female offenders
Wang, J., Li, C., Zhu, X., Zhang, S., Zhou, J., Li, Q., Wang, Q., Zhong, S., Ng, C. H., Ungvari, G. S., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00975-2 · Cited by 16
Effects of Integrated Violence Intervention on Alexithymia, Cognitive, and Neurocognitive Features of Violence in Schizophrenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Hsu, M., & Ouyang, W. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11070837 · Cited by 16
“During periods of active psychosis, there is a significant increase in risk of violence by as high as 7-fold or 2- to 8-fold for both male and female patients in comparison with the general public [1,2].”
Background
Has Psychiatric Medication Reduced Crime and Delinquency?
Finkelhor, D., & Johnson, M. (2015) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838015620817 · Cited by 17
“For example, a Swedish study found schizophrenia and psychosis were associated with about 5% of crime (Fazel & Grann, 2006).”
Background
Socioeconomic Stratification and Mental Disorder
Eaton, W. W., & Muntaner, C. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.016 · Cited by 18
A study of psychotic disorders among female homicide offenders
Bennett, D., Ogloff, J., Mullen, P. E., & Thomas, S. D. M. (2010) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683161003752311 · Cited by 16
“Some studies have reported that homicides occur significantly more often in the first psychotic episode (Meehan et al, 2006 ; Nielssen et al, 2007 ), however, other studies are equivocal (Fazel & Grann, 2006 ; Laajasalo & Hakkanen, 2006 ).”
Result
The Psychological Costs of War: Military Combat and Mental HealthPreprint
Cesur, R., Sabia, J. J., & Tekin, E. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1800257 · Cited by 16
Outcome measurement in forensic mental health research: an evaluation
Yiend, J., Chambers, J., Burns, T., Doll, H., Fazel, S., Kaur, A., Sutton, L., & Fitzpatrick, R. (2011) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160903203938 · Cited by 15
“It was clear, as has been noted elsewhere (Fazel & Grann, 2006; Grann et al., 2005), that forensic mental health needs to move beyond simplistic dichotomized recidivism.”
ResultSelf-citation
Current trends in policing and the mentally ill in Europe: a review of the literature
Moore, R. (2010) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614261003701756 · Cited by 15
“…with paranoid schizophrenia or some types of personality disorders are at greater risk of offending as are those with certain types of affective disorders (see, for example, studies on schizophrenia and homicide rates in Norway by Hartvig & Kjelsberg, 2009; and Sweden by Fazel & Grann, 2004, 2006).”
Background
Gender Differences in a Dutch Forensic Sample of Severe Violent Offenders
Muller, E., & Kempes, M. M. (2016) · International Journal of Forensic Mental Health · doi:10.1080/14999013.2016.1166464 · Cited by 15
“…more often had a diagnosis of alcohol and/or drug dependence and an antisocial or narcissistic personality) are largely in line with existing literature on differences between male and female violent offenders (Fazel & Grann, 2006; de Vogel et al., 2015; Yourstone, Lindholm, Grann, & Fazel, 2009).”
Result
Mortality of young offenders: a national register-based follow-up study of 15- to 19-year-old Finnish delinquents referred for forensic psychiatric examination between 1980 and 2010
Lindberg, N., Miettunen, J., Heiskala, A., & Kaltiala‐Heino, R. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-017-0174-3 · Cited by 15
“The criminal histories of the delinquents were reviewed, and, in line with Fazel and Grann [33], murder, attempted murder, manslaughter, attempted manslaughter, arson, aggravated assault, assault, robbery, kidnapping, rape, attempted rape, and child molestation were all regarded as violent offences; and theft, burglar…”
Background
Testing for Sex Differences in the Nomological Network of the Triarchic Model of Psychopathy in Incarcerated Individuals
Sica, C., Perkins, E. R., Joyner, K. J., Caudek, C., Bottesi, G., Caruso, M., Giulini, P., Ghisi, M., & Patrick, C. J. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09897-w · Cited by 15
“…with and without mental illness, but not in a forensic sample (Anestis et al., 2019; Sellbom et al., 2017), in which mental illness may have played a greater role than gender socialization in females’ engagement in crime (Blanchette & Brown, 2019; Fazel & Grann, 2006; Flynn et al., 2011).”
Background
Getting the Facts Straight About Gun Violence and Mental Illness: Putting Compassion Before Fear
Fisher, C. E., & Lieberman, J. A. (2013) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-5-201309030-00679 · Cited by 15
“The best evidence on mental illness and violence indicates a 2- to 4-fold increase in violence for serious mental illnesses (such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression) (5), but people with these conditions represent 3% to 5% of total violence (for example, as measured by records of violent crime) (6).”
Background
Dangerosité psychiatrique et prédictivité
Voyer, M., Senon, J., Paillard, C., & Jaafari, N. (2009) · L information psychiatrique · doi:10.1684/ipe.2009.0539 · Cited by 27
“Les individus présentant un trouble mental sévère seraient les auteurs de 5 % des infractions criminelles avec violence [13].”
Background
The Representation of Mental Illness in Bermudian Print Media, 1991–2011
Roberts, E., Bourne, R., & Basden, S. L. (2013) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201200204 · Cited by 15
“A recent Swedish study demonstrated that the fraction of attributable risk associated with patients with mental illness was 5%, suggesting that persons with severe mental illness commit one in 20 violent crimes (13).”
Background
African American Women and Mental Well-Being: The Triangulation of Race, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status
Keith, V. M., & Brown, D. R. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.019 · Cited by 17
Neurocognitive Functioning and Suicidal Behavior in Violent Offenders with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Sánchez‐SanSegundo, M., Portilla, I., Rubio‐Aparicio, M., Albaladejo-Blázquez, N., Ruiz‐Robledillo, N., Ferrer‐Cascales, R., & Zaragoza-Martí, A. (2020) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics10121091 · Cited by 15
“It has been estimated that 6% of murderers suffer from schizophrenia [4,5], and that the risk of committing an act of suicide or homicide is significantly elevated among these patients compared to the general population [6].”
Background
Understanding the Connection between Social Support and Mental Health
Brown, R. L., & Ciciurkaite, G. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.014 · Cited by 15
Teenage childbirth and young adult criminal convictions: A quasi-experimental study of criminal outcomes for teenage mothers
Coyne, C. A., Fontaine, N. M. G., Långström, N., Lichtenstein, P., & D'Onofrio, B. M. (2013) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2013.06.015 · Cited by 15
“The National Crime Register (NCR) (Fazel & Grann, 2006) includes information about all criminal convictions of those aged 15 (the age of criminal responsibility) and older since 1960.”

Authors: Fazel, S., & Grann, M.
Affiliations: Warneford Hospital (GB)
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
ORCID: Fazel, Seena
Venue: American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 2006-08
Volume: 163
Issue: 8
Pages: 1397-1403
ISSN: 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
1535-7228
DOI: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.8.1397
OpenAlex: W1833357926
Cited by: 539
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 24.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Keywords: severe mental illness, violent crime, population attributable risk, schizophrenia, psychosis, hospital discharge, criminal conviction, gender differences, age differences, crime types
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Mental Disorders, Crime, Female, Forensic Psychiatry, Hospital Records, Humans, Male, Patient Discharge, Psychotic Disorders, Registries, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Sex Factors, Sweden, Violence, Cohort Studies, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Population Impact of Severe Mental Illness on Violent Crime

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks