The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Genetic Risk, Number of Previous Depressive Episodes, and Stressful Life Events in Predicting Onset of Major Depression
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The association between stressful life events and the onset of major depression decreases as the number of previous depressive episodes increases. How do genetic risk factors for major depression impact on this "kindling" phenomenon? In particular, do those at high genetic risk exhibit an increase in the speed of kindling, or are they "prekindled"? METHOD: Using discrete-time survival analysis, the authors examined the interaction between genetic risk, number of previous depressive episodes, and life event exposure in the prediction of episodes of major depression in female-female twin pairs from a population-based registry. The twins were interviewed four times over a 9-year period, producing 92,521 person-months of exposure. RESULTS: The decline in the association between stressful life events and risk for major depression as the number of previous depressive episodes increased was strongest in those at low genetic risk and was weak to absent in those at high genetic risk. In the absence of previous depressive episodes, those at high genetic risk frequently experienced depressive episodes without major environmental stressors. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic risk factors for depression produce a "prekindling" effect rather than increase the speed of kindling. The "kindled" state, wherein depressive episodes occur with little provocation, may be reached by two pathways: many previous depressive episodes, perhaps driven by multiple adversities, and high genetic risk.
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“Moreover, in psychiatry depression is conceptualized as heterogeneous, multifactorial in causation, and it is believed to arise from the cumulative effects [56–58] of genetics [59–62], adverse events in childhood [63–66], and ongoing life stressors [67–70].”
From The Need to Separate Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Neuropathology from Clinical Features (2017) · cites this paper as [56]
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“That is, not all subjects exhibiting increased inflammatory cytokines develop depression, and there are numerous vulnerability and resilience factors for cytokine-induced depression (Kendler et al., 2001, Caspi et al., 2003, Duman and Monteggia, 2006, Heim et al., 2008, Lotrich, 2011)”
From Inflammatory cytokines in depression: neurobiological mechanisms and therapeutic implications (2013) · cites this paper as Kendler et al., 2001
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Felger, J. C., & Lotrich, F. E. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.060 · Cited by 1,180
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kendler, K. S., Thornton, L. M., & Gardner, C. O.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2001-04-01
- Volume
- 158
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 582-586
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2141307005
- Cited by
- 480
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 11.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k05mh001277-05)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA009095, AA-09095)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-01277, R01MH040828, MH 40828)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, genetic risk, life events, kindling, depression onset, twin pairs, gene-environment interaction, adversity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depressive Disorder, Diseases in Twins, Female, Humans, Kindling, Neurologic, Life Change Events, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Recurrence, Registries, Risk Factors, Virginia, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
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