Major depression and the environment: a psychiatric genetic perspective
Abstract
Genetic factors can interact with environmental factors to influence the vulnerability to major depression (MD) in subtle ways. I explore two such mechanisms: "genetic control of sensitivity to the environment," and "genetic control of exposure to the environment." "Genetic control of sensitivity to the environment" suggests that genes, in part, render individuals relatively vulnerable or relatively invulnerable to the pathogenic effects of environmental stress. In support of this hypothesis, evidence is presented that the depressogenic effect of stressful life events is substantially greater in those at high versus low genetic risk to the MD. "Genetic control of exposure to the environment" suggests that genetic factors influence the probability that individuals will select themselves into high vs. low risk environments. In support of this hypothesis, evidence from a population based twin study suggests that certain classes of stressful life events are modestly heritable. The genetic risk factors for MD in part express themselves by influencing the probability that individuals will experience stressful life events, particularly of an interpersonal nature.
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Life events precipitate depressive illness in individuals with certain genetic predispositions.
“Life events are known to precipitate depressive illness in individuals with certain genetic predispositions (Kessler, 1997; Kendler, 1998; Caspi et al., 2003).”
From Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators (2008) · cites this paper as Kendler, 1998
In major depressive illness, as well as in Cushing's disease, the duration of the illness, and not the age of the subjects, predicts a progressive reduction in volume of the hippocampus.
“In major depressive illness, as well as in Cushing's disease, the duration of the illness, and not the age of the subjects, predicts a progressive reduction in volume of the hippocampus, determined by structural magnetic resonance imaging.103,112”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [103]
Life events precipitate depressive illness in individuals with certain genetic predispositions.
“Life events are known to precipitate depressive illness in individuals with certain genetic predispositions.52,102,103”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [103]
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- Authors
- Kendler, K.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kendler, K.
- ORCID
- Kendler, K.
- Venue
- Pharmacopsychiatry
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 1998-01
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 01
- Pages
- 5-9
- ISSN
- 0176-3679 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-0795
- OpenAlex
- W2092230038
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacopsychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, genetic susceptibility, gene-environment interaction, environmental stress, life events, heritability, twin studies, genetic risk, interpersonal stress, environmental exposure
- MeSH terms
- Depressive Disorder, Environment, Humans
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