Cited by 408Folate and B Vitamins ResearchTryptophan and brain disordersTreatment of Major Depression

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Vitamin B12, Folate, and Homocysteine in Depression: The Rotterdam Study

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Tiemeier, Henning, van Tuijl, H. Ruud, Hofman, Albert, Meijer, John, Kiliaan, Amanda J., Breteler, Monique M.B.·2002·American Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.12.2099

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The associations of vitamin B(12), folate, and homocysteine with depression were examined in a population-based study. METHOD: The authors screened 3,884 elderly people for depressive symptoms. Subjects with positive screening results had psychiatric workups. Folate, vitamin B(12), and homocysteine blood levels were compared in 278 persons with depressive symptoms, including 112 with depressive disorders, and 416 randomly selected reference subjects. Adjustments were made for age, gender, cardiovascular disease, and functional disability. RESULTS: Hyperhomocysteinemia, vitamin B(12) deficiency, and to a lesser extent, folate deficiency were all related to depressive disorders. For folate deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia, the association with depressive disorders was substantially reduced after adjustment for functional disability and cardiovascular disease, but for vitamin B(12) this appeared independent. CONCLUSIONS: The association of vitamin B(12) and folate with depressive disorders may have different underlying mechanisms. Vitamin B(12) may be causally related to depression, whereas the relation with folate is due to physical comorbidity.

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Chapter 22. Neurocognitive Disorders
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Chapter 2. The Neurological Examination for Neuropsychiatric Assessment
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Chapter 25. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
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Chapter 1. An Internist’s Approach to the Neuropsychiatric Patient
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Chapter 4. Neuroimaging, Electroencephalography, and Lumbar Puncture in Medical Psychiatry
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Chapter 6. Cardiovascular Disease
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Chapter 7. Endocrine Disorders and Their Psychiatric Manifestations
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Chapter 24. Insomnia
Doghramji, K. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg24
Chapter 23. Chronic Pain
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Chapter 3. The Bedside Cognitive Examination in Medical Psychiatry
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Chapter 17. Psychotic Disorders Due to Medical Illnesses
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Chapter 10. Gastroenterological Disease in Patients With Psychiatric Disorders
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Index
(2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.index
Chapter 16. Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Hauptman, A. J., & Benjamin, S. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg16
Chapter 18. Catatonia in the Medically Ill Patient
Beach, S. R., & Fricchione, G. L. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg18
Chapter 12. Neurological Conditions and Their Psychiatric Manifestations
Fogel, B. S., Baslet, G. C., Safar, L. T., Raynor, G., & Silbersweig, D. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg12
Chapter 20. Anxiety and Related Disorders: Manifestations in the General Medical Setting
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Chapter 13. Cancer: Psychiatric Care of the Oncology Patient
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Chapter 19. Mood Disorders Due to Medical Illnesses
Mauer, S., Querques, J., & D, P. S. M. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg19
Front Matter
(2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.fm01
Chapter 15. Women’s Mental Health and Reproductive Psychiatry
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Chapter 8. Inflammatory Diseases and Their Psychiatric Manifestations
Gonzalez, R. L., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg08
Chapter 14. Dermatology: Psychiatric Considerations in the Medical Setting
Taylor, K. A., Gordon-Elliott, J. S., & Muskin, P. R. (2020) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378869.lg14

Authors: Tiemeier, H., van Tuijl, H. R., Hofman, A., Meijer, J., Kiliaan, A. J., & Breteler, M. M. B.
Affiliations: Erasmus MC (NL)
ORCID: Tiemeier, Henning
Kiliaan, Amanda J.
Breteler, Monique M.B.
Venue: American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 2002-12-01
Volume: 159
Issue: 12
Pages: 2099-2101
ISSN: 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
1535-7228
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.12.2099
OpenAlex: W2131673402
Cited by: 408
References: 6
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 8.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: other-oa
Locations: American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Folate and B Vitamins Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords: vitamin B12, folic acid, homocysteine, hyperhomocysteinemia, depression, depressive disorders, vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, older adults, functional disability, cardiovascular disease, comorbidities
MeSH terms: Aged, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Depressive Disorder, Female, Folic Acid Deficiency, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Vitamin B 12 Deficiency, Hyperhomocysteinemia

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Vitamin B12, Folate, and Homocysteine in Depression: The Rotterdam Study

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