The DOI matches its Crossref record; 207 of the 207 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Review
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Chronic fatigue syndrome is an illness characterized by disabling fatigue of at least 6 months, accompanied by several other symptoms. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about chronic fatigue syndrome. METHOD: The case definition, prevalence, clinical presentation, evaluation, and prognosis of chronic fatigue syndrome are discussed. Research on the pathophysiology and treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome is reviewed. RESULTS: Chronic fatigue syndrome is diagnosed on the basis of symptoms. Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome experience significant functional impairment. Pathophysiological abnormalities exist across many domains, suggesting that chronic fatigue syndrome is a heterogeneous condition of complex and multifactorial etiology. Evidence also is beginning to emerge that chronic fatigue syndrome may be familial. Although chronic fatigue syndrome has significant symptom overlap and comorbidity with psychiatric disorders, several lines of research suggest that the illness may be distinct from psychiatric disorders. Patients' perceptions, attributions, and coping skills, however, may help perpetuate the illness. Treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome is symptom-based and includes pharmacological and behavioral strategies. Cognitive behavior therapy and graded exercise can be effective in treating the fatigue and associated symptoms and disability. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic fatigue syndrome is unlikely to be caused or maintained by a single agent. Findings to date suggest that physiological and psychological factors work together to predispose an individual to the illness and to precipitate and perpetuate the illness. The assessment and treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome should be multidimensional and tailored to the needs of the individual patient.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
The american college of rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia
Wolfe, F., Smythe, H. A., Yunus, M. B., Bennett, R. M., Bombardier, C., Goldenberg, D. L., Tugwell, P., Campbell, S. M., Abeles, M., Clark, P., et al. (1990) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1780330203 · Cited by 9,563
The Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Comprehensive Approach to Its Definition and Study
Fukuda, K., Straus, S. E., Hickie, I., Sharpe, M. C., Dobbins, J. G., Komaroff, A., & and International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group. (1994) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00009 · Cited by 4,969 · cited 2×
“The clinical evaluation of chronically fatigued patients is aimed at detecting underlying medical or psychiatric causes of fatigue, many of which are specified in the CDC case definition (8).”
BackgroundGenetic Epidemiology of Major Depression: Review and Meta-Analysis
Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1552 · Cited by 3,431
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Working Case Definition
HOLMES, G. P., KAPLAN, J. E., GANTZ, N. M., KOMAROFF, A. L., SCHONBERGER, L. B., STRAUS, S. E., JONES, J. F., DUBOIS, R. E., CUNNINGHAM-RUNDLES, C., PAHWA, S., et al. (1988) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-108-3-387 · Cited by 1,718
Functional somatic syndromes: one or many?
Wessely, S., Nimnuan, C., & Sharpe, M. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)08320-2 · Cited by 1,211
A report—Chronic fatigue syndrome: Guidelines for research
Sharpe, M. C. (1991) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107689108400224 · Cited by 1,026 · cited 3×
“Nearly all patients with chronic fatigue syndrome note a decrease in social relationships in addition to other unwanted consequences of illness (14); about one-third are unable to work, and another one-third can only work parttime (9).”
BackgroundA community-based study of chronic fatigue syndrome.
Jason, L. A., Richman, J. A., Rademaker, A. W., Jordan, K. M., Plioplys, A. V., Taylor, R. R., McCready, W., Huang, C.-F., & Plioplys, S. (1999) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.159.18.2129 · Cited by 811
DEMITRACK, M. A., DALE, J. K., STRAUS, S. E., LAUE, L., LISTWAK, S. J., KRUESI, M. J. P., CHROUSOS, G. P., & GOLD, P. W. (1991) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-73-6-1224 · Cited by 727
Population based study of fatigue and psychological distress
Pawlikowska, T., Chalder, T., Hirsch, S. R., Wallace, P., Wright, D. J. M., & Wessely, S. C. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6931.763 · Cited by 683
Cited by
Prins, J. B., van der Meer, J. W., & Bleijenberg, G. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68073-2 · Cited by 974
Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non-hospitalized COVID-19 “long haulers”
Graham, E. L., Clark, J. R., Orban, Z. S., Lim, P. H., Szymanski, A. L., Taylor, C., DiBiase, R. M., Jia, D. T., Balabanov, R., Ho, S. U., et al. (2021) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.51350 · Cited by 693
Pinquart, M., & Shen, Y. (2011) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsq104 · Cited by 506
Cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome in adults
Price, J. R., Mitchell, E., Tidy, E., & Hunot, V. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001027.pub2 · Cited by 401
Nitschke, J. P., Forbes, P. A. G., Ali, N., Cutler, J., Apps, M. A. J., Lockwood, P. L., & Lamm, C. (2021) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12485 · Cited by 329
Metadata
- Authors
- Afari, N., & Buchwald, D.
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2003-02-01
- Volume
- 160
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 221-236
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2123845747
- Cited by
- 687
- References
- 207
- FWCI
- 15.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Review. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.221
- The paper
- Afari, N., & Buchwald, D. (2003). Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Review. American Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.221
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
