Resilience during uncertainty? Greater social connectedness during COVID‐19 lockdown is associated with reduced distress and fatigue
Open accessAbstract
Background: Social connections are crucial for our health and well‐being. This is especially true during times of high uncertainty and distress, such as during the COVID‐19 lockdown. This period was characterized by unprecedented physical distancing (often communicated as social distancing) measures resulting in significant changes to people’s usual social lives. Given the potential effects of this disruption on people’s well‐being, it is crucial to identify factors which are associated with negative health outcomes, and conversely, those that promote resilience during times of adversity. Aims: We examined the relationship between individuals’ levels of social connectedness during lockdown and self‐reported stress, worry, and fatigue. Method: Survey data were collected from 981 individuals in a representative sample of Austrian citizens. Data collection occurred during the last week of a six‐week nationwide lockdown due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. The final sample consisted of 902 participants. Participants were asked to complete validated questionnaires to assess levels of social connectedness as well as measures of perceived stress, worry—both general and COVID‐19 specific—and symptoms of fatigue during the previous two weeks. Results: Our results demonstrate that greater social connectedness during the lockdown period was associated with lower levels of perceived stress, as well as general and COVID‐19‐specific worries. Furthermore, we found a negative relationship between fatigue and social connectedness, which was mediated by feelings of stress, general worries, and COVID‐19‐specific worries—respectively, indicating that individuals with smaller network sizes, who were highly distressed during the pandemic, were also likely to report feeling more fatigued. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the important role that social connections play in promoting resilience by buffering against negative physical and mental health outcomes, particularly in times of adversity in times of adversity.
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Social connections play an important role in promoting resilience by buffering against negative physical and mental health outcomes.
“demonstrating that social connections play an important role in promoting resilience by buffering against negative physical and mental health outcomes (Nitschke, et al., 2021).”
From Living through lockdown: A qualitative exploration of individuals' experiences in the UK. (2022) · cites this paper as Nitschke, et al., 2021
A recent study showed that greater social connectedness during lockdown was associated with lower levels of perceived stress, lower COVID-19 related worries and feeling less fatigued.
“a recent study showed that greater social connectedness during lockdown was associated with lower levels of perceived stress, lower COVID‐19 related worries and feeling less fatigued”
From Living through lockdown: A qualitative exploration of individuals' experiences in the UK. (2022) · cites this paper as Nitschke, et al., 2021
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“To measure career-related worries due to COVID-19 we used a single item developed by Nitschke [19].”
BackgroundMethodEffect of Hope on Resilience in Adolescents: Social Support and Social Connectedness as Mediators
Çi̇çek, İ. (2021) · Journal of Positive School Psychology · doi:10.47602/jpsp.v5i2.283 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…also reported that there is a positive and significant relationship between social connectedness and optimism (Yıldırım et al., 2021), resilience (Nitschke et al., 2021; Scarf, 2017), hope (Williamson et al., 2007), social support (Duru, 2008b; Reyes et al., 2020), well-being (Arslan, 2018;…”
BackgroundImpact of COVID-19 First Wave on Psychological and Psychosocial Dimensions: A Systematic Review
Filindassi, V., Pedrini, C., Sabadini, C., Duradoni, M., & Guazzini, A. (2022) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid2030022 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“[276] Austria 902 Stress Greater social connectedness during the lockdown was associated with lower levels of perceived stress, as well as general and COVID-19 specific worries.”
BackgroundHossain, M. E., Rana, M. J., Islam, S., Khan, M. A., Chakrobortty, S., Ema, N. S., & Bekun, F. V. (2021) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2021.1968215 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“In line with the results, Nitschke et al.(48) reported that the government should avoid enforcement in vaccination as it may prove a good strategy for a limited time but has a destructive impact on the social system.”
Goldstein Ferber, S., Shoval, G., Zalsman, G., Mikulincer, M., & Weller, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.680403 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The positive cognitions related to attachment security (“I’mworthy of love,” “Others are benevolent and trustworthy”) may afford decisive motor actions to protect the close others that provide emotional security (127, 128).”
BackgroundSocial connectedness, mindfulness, and coping as protective factors during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Dailey, S. F., Parker, M. M., & Campbell, A. (2023) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12450 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Nitschke et al. (2021) found that adults who used online communications during COVID-19 lockdown to engage with friends and family experienced higher levels of social connectedness and lower levels of stress and worry.”
BackgroundO'Donnell, J., Cárdenas, D., Orazani, S. N., Evans, A., & Reynolds, K. J. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114821 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Matos, M., McEwan, K., Kanovský, M., Halamová, J., Steindl, S., Ferreira, N., Linharelhos, M., Rijo, D., Asano, K., Gregório, S., et al. (2021) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2601 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Recent research has shown social connectedness to potentially buffer against the negative physical and mental health impact of the coronavirus pandemic, and promote resilience (Nitschke et al., 2020; Palgi et al., 2020; Saltzman et al., 2020).”
BackgroundHarp, N. R., Freeman, J. B., & Neta, M. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001173 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…facilitates social connection, perhaps through greater empathy (Neta & Brock, 2021) or more secure attachment (Brock, Harp, & Neta, in revision), and maintaining positive social connections during uncertain times protects against negative physical and mental health outcomes (Nitschke et al., 2020).”
BackgroundOttoni, C. A., Winters, M., & Sims‐Gould, J. (2022) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102844 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Sabato, H., Abraham, Y., & Kogut, T. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12655 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Lopez, A., Caffò, A. O., Tinella, L., di Masi, M. N., & Bosco, A. (2021) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12268 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Lardone, A., Sorrentino, P., Giancamilli, F., Palombi, T., Simper, T. N., Mandolesi, L., Lucidi, F., Chirico, A., & Galli, F. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.10611 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“These results are in line with literature dealing with the effect of social factors on QoL both within the context of a pandemic (Nitschke et al., 2020) and those that are not (Reyes et al., 2020).”
ResultBrown, A., & Leite, A. C. (2022) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12934 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Warrier, U., John, M., & Warrier, S. G. (2021) · FIIB Business Review · doi:10.1177/2319714521992032 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Resilience is the ability to bounce back post adversity, and this EI dimension was found to help cope with the challenges created by the pandemic situations (Nitschke et al., 2020).”
BackgroundZarrouq, B., Abbas, N. H., Hilaly, J. E., Asri, A. E., Abbouyi, S., Omari, M., Malki, H. E., Bouazza, S., Moutawakkil, S. G., Halim, K., et al. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03271-6 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Moreover, studies showed that prolonged feelings of distress and worry can increase levels of fatigue [15].”
BackgroundBeall, J. M., Jackson, S. B., Casola, W. R., Peterson, M. N., Larson, L. R., Stevenson, K. T., & Seekamp, E. (2022) · Wellbeing Space and Society · doi:10.1016/j.wss.2022.100094 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Many practices ranging from social activities (Nitschke et al., 2021; Ozbay et al., 2007) to exercise (Southwick et al.”
Vacaru, S. V., Beijers, R., & de Weerth, C. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264962 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Knowledge and Attitudes on Vaccination in Southern Romanians: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire
Popa, G., Muntean, A.-A., Muntean, M.-M., & Popa, M. (2020) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines8040774 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“While these are general preventive measures, the lockdown caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the ensuing fatigue prove that these measures work only for a limited amount of time before negatively impacting society [28].”
BackgroundLin, Y., Fu, S., & Zhou, X. (2023) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-05-2022-0320 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The evolutionary path of place making: From late twentieth century to post-pandemic cities
Amirzadeh, M., & Sharifi, A. (2024) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2024.107124 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Rahiem, M. D. H., Krauss, S. E., & Ersing, R. L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910489 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Hassan, S., Ring, A., Tahir, N., & Gabbay, M. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10869-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Social connectedness has long been recognised as important for psychological wellbeing and a recent survey undertaken during COVID-19 ‘stay at home’ measures in Austria, highlighted the relationship between social connectedness and psychological wellbeing [29].”
BackgroundConnectedness: The Updated and Expanded Pillar of Lifestyle Psychiatry and Lifestyle Medicine
Merlo, G., Snellman, L., & Sugden, S. G. (2025) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276251345455 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“117 Similarly, during the initial months of the pandemic, Matos et al. surveyed over 4000 participants from 21 countries and found that those with increased social connections experienced more post-traumatic growth and overall wellness compared to those with less social connections.”
Skulmowski, A., & Standl, B. (2021) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1002/hbe2.260 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Humphrey, A., & Vari, O. (2021) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs11040050 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Connected Despite Lockdown: The Role of Social Interactions and Social Media Use in Wellbeing
Sun, R.-Z., Rieble, C., Liu, Y., & Sauter, D. (2020) · Collabra: Psychology · doi:10.31234/osf.io/x5k8u · Cited by 29
“While we primarily found within-person effects, our findings are consistent with a large-scale cross-sectional study conducted during the pandemic, which suggests that people who, on average, have more social interactions also report higher levels of wellbeing (Nitschke et al., 2020).”
Impact of COVID‐19 on adolescent and emerging adult brain tumor survivors and their parents
Fisher, A. P., Patronick, J., Gerhardt, C. A., Radonovich, K., Salloum, R., & Wade, S. L. (2021) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.29116 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Economic uncertainty spillover and social networks
Ma, D., Zhang, C., Hui, Y., & Xu, B. (2022) · Journal of business research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.03.015 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Humphrey, A., March, E., Lavender, A. P., Miller, K. J., Alvarenga, M. E., & Mesagno, C. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12030086 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“This challenging social environment raises the need to consider how the loss of social connections impact resilience and psychological wellbeing amidst this global pandemic [4,10,11].”
BackgroundResultBurnett, C., Purkey, E., Davison, C., Watson, A., Kehoe, J., Traviss, S., Nolan, D., & Bayoumi, I. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042472 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The authors speculate that social connections provide a buffer against negative physical and mental health outcomes, and can promote resilience during times of uncertainty and distress [24].”
BackgroundHuang, H. Y., Li, H., & Hsu, Y. (2022) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22824 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Rudert, S. C., Gleibs, I. H., Gollwitzer, M., Häfner, M., Hajek, K. V., Harth, N. S., Häusser, J. A., Imhoff, R., & Schneider, D. (2021) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000457 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Boursier, V., Gioia, F., Musetti, A., & Schimmenti, A. (2023) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2022.2059605 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Al-Shaer, E., Aliedan, M. M., Zayed, M. A., Elrayah, M., & Moustafa, M. A. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16020644 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kumar, R., Beniwal, K., & Bahurupi, Y. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.940544 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Soares, A. K. S., Goedert, M. C. F., & Vargas, A. F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.802653 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hassan, B. A. R., Mohammed, A. H., Wayyes, A. M., Farhan, S., Al-ani, O., Blebil, A., & Dujaili, J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02779-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Notably, students have been using social media and participating in various activities which build a sense of community to curb the loneliness introduced by the lockdown (Nitschke et al., 2021).”
BackgroundThe protective role of resilience and social support against burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic
Shahwan, S., Tay, E. H., Shafie, S., Tan, Y. B., Gunasekaran, S., Tan, R. H. S., Satghare, P., Zhang, Y., Wang, P., Tan, S. C., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1374484 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ramírez-Correa, P., Grandón, E. E., Ramírez-Santana, M., Arenas-Gaitán, J., & Rondán-Cataluña, F. J. (2023) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs13020087 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Steijvers, L. C., Brinkhues, S., van Tilburg, T. G., Hoebe, C. J. P. A., Stijnen, M., de Vries, N. K., Crutzen, R., & Dukers–Muijrers, N. H. T. M. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14500-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Social networks can act as a buffer in dealing with stressful life events including the COVID-19 pandemic by providing social support [39].”
BackgroundNovaković, I. Z., Lueger‐Schuster, B., Verginer, L., Bakić, H., Ajduković, D., Borges, C., Figueiredo‐Braga, M., Javakhishvili, J. D., Tsiskarishvili, L., Dragan, M., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2022.2065431 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Even people who have not reached the threshold for mental health disorders have been burdened by work-related problems, financial issues, and lack of social support (Nitschke et al., 2021; Rodríguez-Rey, Garrido-Hernansaiz, & Collado, 2020).”
BackgroundMcDaniels, B. W., & Subramanian, I. (2022) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2022.03.003 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Quirk, H., Haake, S. J., Goyder, E., Bullas, A. M., Graney, M., & Wellington, C. (2022) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daac012 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“physical and mental health outcomes (Nitschke et al., 2020).”
Victorson, D. E., Doninger, G. L., Victorson, S., Victorson, G., Hall, L., Maletich, C., Corr, B. R., Scortino, K., Burns, Z., Allen, L., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182312622 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Compelling empirical data on the health benefits of feeling connected with others have been reported by researchers for decades for improved mood, decreased cardiovascular disease risk and even all-cause mortality risk [21,23,24].”
BackgroundActive Coping and Anxiety Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spanish Adults
Moreno, R. L., Fernández-Daza, M. P., Cogollo, S. J. Z., Olivencia-Carrión, M. A., Jiménez-Torres, M. G., Olivencia-Carrión, M. D., Ogallar, A., & Godoy‐Izquierdo, D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168240 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Stories of Life during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: A Qualitative Study
Tomaino, S. C. M., Cipolletta, S., Kostova, Z., & Todorova, I. L. G. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147630 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Living through lockdown: A qualitative exploration of individuals' experiences in the UK.
Taylor, C., Lafarge, C., Cahill, S., Milani, R., & Görzig, A. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13772 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
COVID-19 stressors, wellbeing and health behaviours: a cross-sectional study
Bell, L., Smith, R., van de Venter, E. C., Shuttleworth, C., Wilson, K. S., & Lycett, D. (2021) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdab241 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Barrett, A. M., Hogreve, J., & Brüggen, E. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577972 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Warner, N. Z., & Groarke, A. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08372-w · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“A lack of easily accessible, clear, relevant health information can lead to uncertainty [12], which if not managed appropriately, can lead to distress [13, 14] and ill physical and psychological health [15, 16].”
BackgroundKim, H. J., Meeker, T. J., Tulloch, I. K., Mullins, R. J., Park, J., & Bae, S. H. (2022) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2022.1604552 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Fatigue has also been associated with stress, general worries, and COVID-19 specific worries [21].”
BackgroundAli, K., Iasiello, M. P., van Agteren, J. E., Mavrangelos, T., Kyrios, M., & Fassnacht, D. B. (2022) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-022-00807-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Not being able to be with loved ones and have access to social support during unprecedented times of a pandemic has been identified as being extremely challenging and results in psychological distress [28].”
BackgroundJaeghere, E. A. D., Kanervo, H., Colman, R., Schrauwen, W., West, P., Vandemaele, N., Pauw, A. D., Jacobs, C., Hilderson, I., Saerens, M., et al. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14041093 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“has been reported that the quality and quantity of social relationships is positively related to mental health and well-being during the pandemic [42,43].”
BackgroundCogan, N. A., Kennedy, C., Beck, Z., McInnes, L., MacIntyre, G., Morton, L., Tanner, G., & Kołacz, J. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13992 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Tudehope, L., Lee, P. J., Wiseman, N., Dwirahmadi, F., & Sofija, E. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053211062351 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Happiness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: A population-based longitudinal study
Prati, G., & Mancini, A. D. (2023) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103711 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Given that the number of social contacts during the pandemic predicted lower levels of distress [35], living in a larger household, compared to living alone or in a small household, could increase the probability of face-to-face interactions that increase feelings of social connectedness [33].”
Factors Influencing COVID-19 Prevention Behaviors
Wachira, E., Laki, K., Chavan, B. B., Aidoo-Frimpong, G. A., & Kingori, C. (2022) · Journal of Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-022-00719-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hardy, R. Y., Boch, S. J., Davenport, M., Chavez, L. J., & Kelleher, K. J. (2023) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12802 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Lee, Y., Hyun, Y., You, M., Lee, H., Han, J.-O., & Seo, S. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15628-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Social connectedness and social support during or after a traumatic event are associated with lower levels of mental health problems [54, 55].”
BackgroundMacalli, M., Castel, L., Jacqmin-Gadda, H., Galesne, C., Tournier, M., Galera, C., Pereira, E., & Tzourio, C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.093 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Effects of social position and household affordances on COVID-19 lockdown resilience and coping
Chesterman, A., Battista, M., & Causse, E. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101687 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Well-Being Science for Teaching and the General Public
Tov, W., Wirtz, D., Kushlev, K., Biswas‐Diener, R., & Diener, E. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211046946 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The effects of social interactions on momentary stress and mood during COVID ‐19 lockdowns
Forbes, P., Pronizius, E., Feneberg, A. C., Nater, U. M., Piperno, G., Silani, G., Stijovic, A., & Lamm, C. (2022) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12626 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Our findings support studies showing that social contact during the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with greater psychological well-being (Nitschke et al., 2021; Sommerlad et al., 2021).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationImpacts of nature deprivations during the COVID-19 pandemic: A pre-post comparison
Colléony, A., Clayton, S., & Shwartz, A. (2022) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109520 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The covid-19 pandemic and lockdowns have impacted various aspects of people lives including concerns for financial security, social connectedness, and nature deprivation (Miklitz et al., 2021; Nitschke et al., 2021; Soga et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe feasibility and impact of online peer support on the well-being of higher education students
Drysdale, M., McBeath, M. L., & Callaghan, S. A. (2021) · The Journal of Mental Health Training Education and Practice · doi:10.1108/jmhtep-02-2021-0012 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Shufford, K. N., Hall, D. L., Randall, A. K., Braunstein, B. M., O’Brien, M. M., & Mickelson, K. D. (2021) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075211041316 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Given that staying socially connected has been positively associated with higher resiliency and lower fatigue (Nitschke et al., 2020), the current results may lend themselves to boosting positivity and combating quarantine fatigue.”
ResultVaccination Fear Scale (VFS-6): Development and Initial Validation
Malas, O., & Tolsá, M. (2021) · doi:10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-2971 · Cited by 15
“…Wheaton et al., 2021) and was related to mental health indicators and adherence to preventive measures; being the social support (Gori et al., 2021; Koçak, 2021; Nitschke et al., 2021) and receiving clear messages from the authorities (Bavolar et al., 2021) a way to reduce the mental problems.”
BackgroundParadoxical Impacts of Social Relationship on Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Lee, S. S., Shim, Y., Choi, J., & Choi, I. (2023) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-022-00614-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Recent studies have investigated the association between social interaction (or social isolation) and well-being after the COVID-19 outbreak (Macdonald & Hülür, 2021; Nitschke et al., 2021; Pancani et al., 2021) and produced empirical evidence supporting that face-to-face (Sommerlad et al.”
Background
- Authors
- Nitschke, J. P., Forbes, P. A. G., Ali, N., Cutler, J., Apps, M. A. J., Lockwood, P. L., & Lamm, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Vienna (AT)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Nitschke, Jonas P.
- Lamm, Claus
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Health Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-10-25
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 553-569
- ISSN
- 1359-107X (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8287
- PMC
- PMC8247344
- OpenAlex
- W3094151465
- Cited by
- 329
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 98 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 24.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- British Journal of Health Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Universität Wien
- Austrian Science Fund (I3381)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- social connectedness, COVID-19 lockdown, perceived stress, worry, fatigue, resilience, social distancing, social networks, psychological distress, mediation
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Communicable Disease Control, Fatigue, Humans, Uncertainty, Pandemics
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