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Deliberate Self-Harm in a Nonclinical Population: Prevalence and Psychological Correlates
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Research on deliberate self-harm (intentionally injuring oneself without suicidal intent) has focused on clinical and forensic populations. Studying only these populations, which typically have serious psychopathology, may lead to inflated estimates of the association between self-harm and psychiatric disorder, as well as of the prevalence of deliberate self-harm. The present study investigated the prevalence and correlates of deliberate self-harm in a large group of nonclinical subjects. METHOD: Participants were 1,986 military recruits, 62% of whom were men, who were participating in a study of peer assessment of personality traits and pathology. Individuals who did and did not report a history of self-harm were compared on measures of personality and psychopathology. RESULTS: Approximately 4% of the participants reported a history of deliberate self-harm. Compared with participants without a history of deliberate self-harm, self-harmers scored higher on self- and peer-report measures of borderline, schizotypal, dependent, and avoidant personality disorder symptoms and reported more symptoms of anxiety and depression. Item-level analyses indicated that peers viewed self-harmers as having strange and intense emotions and a heightened sensitivity to interpersonal rejection. CONCLUSIONS: About one of every 25 members of a large group of relatively high-functioning nonclinical subjects reported a history of self-harm. Self-harmers had more symptoms of several personality disorders than non-self-harmers, and their performance across measures suggested that anxiety plays a prominent role in their psychopathology. Future research should investigate whether psychotherapies or psychiatric medications known to reduce symptoms of anxiety can be effective in treating deliberate self-harm.
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“the data corroborates the association between depression, anxiety and self-injury [73, 93–101]”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [93]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Klonsky, E. D., Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2003-08-01
- Volume
- 160
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1501-1508
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC4362719
- OpenAlex
- W2132052914
- Cited by
- 780
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 13.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH51187, R01MH051187)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Keywords
- self-harm, prevalence, non-clinical population, military recruits, personality disorders, borderline personality disorder, schizotypy, dependent personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, anxiety, depression, peer perception
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Military Personnel, Peer Group, Personality Disorders, Personality Inventory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sex Factors, Social Perception, United States, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Self-Injurious Behavior
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