Measurement of Deliberate Self-Harm: Preliminary Data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory
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The DSHI has been shown to have high internal consistency and adequate test-retest reliability in an undergraduate sample.
“The inventory has been shown to have high internal consistency and adequate test-retest reliability in an undergraduate sample [38].”
The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory has adequate test-retest reliability and construct, discriminant and convergent validity.
“The primary outcome measure was the total frequency of DSH measured by DSHI, a self-report measure with adequate test–retest reliability and construct, discriminant and convergent validity.1”
From Emotion regulation group therapy for deliberate self-harm: A multi-site evaluation in routine care using an uncontrolled open trial design (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
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Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/b:joba.0000007455.08539.94 · Cited by 8,942 · see citing works
Self-citationThe functions of deliberate self-injury: a review of the evidence
Klonsky, E. D. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002 · Cited by 1,979 · see citing works
“…non-clinical populations selfinjure (Briere & Gil, 1998; Klonsky et al., 2003), and rates are even higher in college students (Favazza et al., 1989; Gratz, 2001; Whitlock et al., 2006), it is likely that some people who self-injure are not in treatment and do not meet criteria for a psychiatric…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSwannell, S. V., Martin, G. E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & St John, N. J. (2014) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12070 · Cited by 1,624 · see citing works
“NSSI was measured with 76 different tools, most frequently the Deliberate SelfHarm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001), which was used in 20 studies.”
MethodNock, M. K. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258 · Cited by 1,550 · see citing works
Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L.-G., Bjärehed, J., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., Gumpert, C. H., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x · Cited by 1,081 · see citing works
“The DSHI has demonstrated good internal consistency, adequate test–retest reliability, and adequate construct, discriminant, and convergent validity among undergraduate student, community adult, and patient samples (Fliege et al. 2006; Gratz 2001; Gratz et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKaufman, E. A., Xia, M., Fosco, G., Yaptangco, M., Skidmore, C. R., & Crowell, S. E. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9529-3 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
“Self-injury history in Samples 1 and 2 was obtained via the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI), a self-report questionnaire of non-suicidal self-harm behavior used in the original DERS validation study (Gratz 2001; Gratz and Roemer 2004).”
MethodKlonsky, E. D., & Glenn, C. R. (2009) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-008-9107-z · Cited by 934 · see citing works
“8% is lower than some estimates of NSSI rates in college students (e.g., 35%; Gratz 2001) but higher than others (e.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPsychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder.
Stoffers-Winterling, J. M., Völlm, B. A., Rücker, G., Timmer, A., Huband, N., & Lieb, K. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005652.pub2 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Self-injurious behaviors in a college population
Whitlock, J., Eckenrode, J., & Silverman, D. (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2543 · Cited by 874 · see citing works
Deliberate Self-Harm in a Nonclinical Population: Prevalence and Psychological Correlates
Klonsky, E. D., Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1501 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
“This lack of a gender difference has also been found in studies involving nonclinical subjects (14, 16).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialNonsuicidal Self-Harm Among Community Adolescents: Understanding the “Whats” and “Whys” of Self-Harm
Laye-Gindhu, A., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2005) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z · Cited by 746 · see citing works
“Previous research has assessed self-harm via interview or a single item either from an existing questionnaire or from a questionnaire generated explicitly for the study (e.g., Briere and Gil, 1998; Gratz, 2001; Patton et al., 1997).”
BackgroundMethodSelf‐injury: A research review for the practitioner
Klonsky, E. D., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20412 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
“Importantly, most individuals who self-injure have used multiple methods (Favazza & Conterio, 1989; Gratz, 2001; Herpertz, 1995; Whitlock et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodJacobson, C. M., & Gould, M. S. (2007) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811110701247602 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
“The term deliberate self-harm is used by researchers in the US to refer to NSSI (see Gratz, 2001; Gratz, Conrad, & Roemer, 2002) while researchers in the UK use the term to refer to any purposeful, nonlethal self-injurious act engaged in with or without suicidal intent (see Hawton, Rodham, Evans et…”
MethodGender differences in the prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury: A meta-analysis
Bresin, K., & Schoenleber, M. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.009 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
“Whereas some studies report no difference in the rates of NSSI between genders (e.g., Gratz, 2001; Klonsky, Oltmanns, & Turkheimer, 2003; Muehlenkamp & Gutierrez, 2004), others report significantly higher rates among women (e.g., Laye-Gindhu & Schonert-Reichl, 2005; Rodham, Hawton, & Evans, 2004).”
Skegg, K. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67600-3 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
Gratz, K. L., & Gunderson, J. G. (2006) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2005.03.002 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
“…(Linehan & Comtois, 1996), used to assess lifetime history of suicidal behaviors; (e) an interview version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (Gratz, 2001), used to assess lifetime history of self-harm behaviors; (f) the Parasuicidal History Interview (Linehan, Wagner, & Cox, 1983), used to…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationNonsuicidal self-injury as a gateway to suicide in young adults
Whitlock, J., Muehlenkamp, J., Eckenrode, J., Purington, A., Baral Abrams, G., Barreira, P., & Kress, V. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.010 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
“The strong relationship between NSSI and emotion dysregulation [13,14], low social support [3,10,11,15], and global psychological distress [15e17] suggest that these and related variables, such as cognitive style [18], sense of meaning in life [3,4], mental health history [16,19], and trauma history [15,20,21], may me…”
BackgroundBerg, J. M., Latzman, R. D., Bliwise, N. G., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000111 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
“Depressive symptoms (average k 16.25) were usually assessed by means of self-report measures (e.g., the Beck Depression Inventory; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996), whereas NSSI and suicidality (average k 14), which includes both suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, were generally assessed using behavioral frequency ite…”
MethodInfluentialRisk factors for deliberate self-harm among college students.
Gratz, K. L., Conrad, S. D., & Roemer, L. (2002) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.72.1.128 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Self-citationMeta-analysis of the relations of anxiety sensitivity to the depressive and anxiety disorders.
Naragon-Gainey, K. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018055 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury
Fox, K. R., Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Kleiman, E. M., Bentley, K. H., & Nock, M. K. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.002 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
“Deliberate Self Harm Inventory, 9 item version (DSHI-9r; Bjärehed & Lundh, 2008; Gratz, 2001).”
Risk Factors for and Functions of Deliberate Self-Harm: An Empirical and Conceptual Review
Gratz, K. L. (2003) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg022 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
“However, given empirical evidence that self-harm occurs among nonclinical as well as clinical populations (see Gratz, 2001), this article will focus on self-harm in general (as opposed to self-harm among individuals with a diagnosis of BPD).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLinehan, M. M., Comtois, K. A., Brown, M. Z., Heard, H. L., & Wagner, A. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.3.303 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
“Two recently published self-report assessments (Gratz, 2001; Gutierrez, Osman, Barrios, & Kopper, 2001) were designed to integrate multiple variables, but they have not yet been tested on clinical populations.”
MethodNonsuicidal Self-Injury: What We Know, and What We Need to Know
Klonsky, E. D., Victor, S. E., & Saffer, B. Y. (2014) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371405901101 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Self-Injurious Behavior as a Separate Clinical Syndrome.
Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2005) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.324 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
“For example, Favazza et al. (1989) reported that 12% of university students reported SIB, whereas Gratz (2001) recently found that 35% of college students reported engaging in at least one incident of SIB.”
BackgroundAknin, L. B., De Neve, J.-E., Dunn, E. W., Fancourt, D. E., Goldberg, E., Helliwell, J. F., Jones, S. P., Karam, E., Layard, R., Lyubomirsky, S., et al. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211029964 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
“Self-harming behavior is defined here as the deliberate, direct destruction or alteration of body tissue that results in damage (Gratz, 2001).”
Nonsuicidal Self-injury in a College Population: General Trends and Sex Differences
Whitlock, J. L., Muehlenkamp, J. J., Purington, A., Eckenrode, J. J., Barreira, P. J., Abrams, G. B., Marchell, T. C., Kress, V. E. W., Girard, K., Chin, C., et al. (2011) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2010.529626 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Brunner, R. M., Kaess, M., Parzer, P., Fischer, G., Carli, V., Hoven, C. W., Wasserman, C., Sarchiapone, M., Resch, F., Apter, A. S., et al. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12166 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Risk factors and correlates of deliberate self-harm behavior: A systematic review
Fliege, H., Lee, J.-R., Grimm, A., & Klapp, B. F. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.10.013 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
“Although some advances in the development and psychometric validation of instruments [11,46,52] have been made, the assessments performed in many of the reviewed studies were constructed ad hoc for the study.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZetterqvist, M., Lundh, L., Dahlström, Ö., & Svedin, C. G. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9712-5 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
“We examined the concurrent validity of the Swedish version of the FASM by testing the correspondence of responses to FASM items assessing presence of different types of NSSI to responses elicited from similar items from the modified version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) (Gratz 2001; Lundh et al. 2007).”
MethodCorrelates of suicide attempts among self-injurers: a meta-analysis
Victor, S. E., & Klonsky, E. D. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.03.005 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2008) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070701819524 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
“The DSHI has demonstrated high internal consistency, adequate test–retest reliability, and adequate construct, discriminant, and convergent validity among undergraduate student and patient samples (Fliege et al., 2006; Gratz, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGratz, K. L. (2006) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.2.238 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Self-citationThe relationship between self-injurious behavior and suicide in a young adult population.
Whitlock, J., & Knox, K. (2007) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.7.634 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Kaess, M., Durkee, T., Brunner, R., Carli, V., Parzer, P., Wasserman, C., Sarchiapone, M., Hoven, C., Apter, A., Balazs, J., et al. (2014) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0562-7 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
“Statistical analyses The prevalence of categories in the BDI-II, Z-SAS, SDQ, DSHI and PSS was calculated independently for each Internet user group.”
MethodInfluentialA multimethod analysis of impulsivity in nonsuicidal self-injury.
Glenn, C. R., & Klonsky, E. D. (2010) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0017427 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
“Approximately 8% of children ages 12 to 14 (Hilt, Nock, Lloyd– Richardson, & Prinstein, 2008), 14–15% of adolescents (Laye-Gindhu, & Schonert-Reichl, 2005; Ross & Heath, 2002), and 17% or more of college students (Gratz, 2001; Whitlock et al., 2006) report having self-injured.”
BackgroundAndover, M. S., Morris, B. W., Wren, A., & Bruzzese, M. E. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-6-11 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“, [22]], also referred to as NSSI.”
An Examination of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among College Students
Heath, N. L., Toste, J. R., Nedecheva, T., & Charlebois, A. (2008) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.30.2.8p879p3443514678 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (Gratz, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialArmey, M. F., Crowther, J. H., & Miller, I. W. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.01.002 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) is a behaviorally based 17-item inventory that assesses lifetime history of NSSI.”
BackgroundInfluentialMikolajczak, M., Petrides, K. V., & Hurry, J. (2009) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466508x386027 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
“Research on self-harm prevalence among adolescents point to rates varying between twelve to forty percent (Gratz, 2001; Heath, Toste, Nedecheva, & Charlebois, 2008; Lloyd-Richardson, Perrine, Dierker, & Kelley, 2007; Withlock, Eckenrode, & Silverman, 2006).”
Whitlock, J. L., Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Eckenrode, J. J. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410802359734 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
“, 2006), whereas others find that male individuals are equally likely to self-injure as female, particularly among nonclinical samples (Garrison, Addy, McKeown, & Cuffe, 1993; Gratz, 2001; Klonsky, Oltmanns, & Turkheimer, 2003; Muehlenkamp & Gutierrez, 2004). These variations may be accounted for by the type of behavi…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLundh, L., KARIM, J., & Quilisch, E. (2007) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00567.x · Cited by 258 · see citing works
A prospective study of child maltreatment and self-injurious behavior in a community sample
Yates, T. M., Carlson, E. A., & Egeland, B. R. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000321 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
“However, the majority of research on SIB to date has employed study-specific questionnaires with similarly unknown psychometrics (e.g., Dulit et al., 1994; Favazza & Conteiro, 1988; Gratz, 2001; Ross & Heath, 2002; Sansone, Wiederman, & Sansone, 1998; van der Kolk et al., 1991).”
BackgroundCaprara, G. V., & Cervone, D. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511812767.006 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Suicidal Behavior
Brodsky, B. S., & Stanley, B. (2008) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.02.002 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Impulsivity and self-harm in adolescence: a systematic review
Lockwood, J., Daley, D., Townsend, E., & Sayal, K. S. (2016) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0915-5 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Prospective Prediction of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A 1-Year Longitudinal Study in Young Adults
Glenn, C. R., & Klonsky, E. D. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.04.005 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“Lifetime rates of NSSI are particularly high among adolescents (14–15% in high school samples; Laye-Gindhu & SchonertReichl, 2005; Ross & Heath, 2002) and young adults (17% or more in college samples; Gratz, 2001; Whitlock et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSwannell, S., Martin, G., Page, A., Hasking, P., Hazell, P., Taylor, A., & Protani, M. (2012) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.05.005 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Fliege, H., Kocalevent, R.-D., Walter, O., Beck, S., Gratz, K. L., Gutierrez, P. M., & Klapp, B. F. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.10.006 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“Deliberate self-harm behavior has been defined as the intentional and direct destruction or alteration of body tissue, resulting in tissue damage [1,4,9,10].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationGratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2009) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-009-9268-4 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
“The Deliberate Self-harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz 2001) is a 17-item questionnaire that assesses lifetime history of various aspects of DSH, including frequency, duration, and type of DSH behavior (e.g., cutting, burning, carving, bone-breaking, biting, and head-banging).”
InfluentialSelf-citationDaukantaité, D., Lundh, L., Wångby‐Lundh, M., Claréus, B., Bjärehed, J., Zhou, Y., & Liljedahl, S. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01533-4 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Empirically Supported Treatments and General Therapy Guidelines for Non-Suicidal Self-Injury
Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2006) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.28.2.6w61cut2lxjdg3m7 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“3 to 35% (Briere & Gil, 1998; Gratz, 2001), and Favazza (1998) estimated that anywhere from 400 to 1,400 per 100,000 persons engage in NSSI behaviors per year.”
BackgroundGratz, K. L., Tull, M. T., & Levy, R. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002134 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“Measures of DSH and other self-destructive behaviors The DSHI (Gratz, 2001) is a 17-item self-report questionnaire that assesses various aspects of DSH † The notes appear after the main text.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationCarli, V., Hoven, C. W., Wasserman, C., Chiesa, F., Guffanti, G., Sarchiapone, M., Apter, A., Balázs, J., Brunner, R. M., Corcoran, P. E., et al. (2014) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20088 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Valencia‐Agudo, F., Burcher, G. C., Ezpeleta, L., & Kramer, T. (2018) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.02.012 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
McMain, S. F., Guimond, T., Barnhart, R., Habinski, L., & Streiner, D. L. (2017) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12664 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“The frequency of suicide attempts and NSSI episodes was computed from participants’ responses to the LSASI and the DSHI instruments respectively.”
BackgroundInfluentialPerez, J., Venta, A., Garnaat, S., & Sharp, C. (2012) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9292-7 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“92, p .001 for continuous use), construct validity, and concurrent validity (Gratz 2001).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBjärehed, J., & Lundh, L. (2008) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070701778951 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“, 2002), whereas others exclude it (e.g. Favazza, 1998; Gratz, 2001).”
Fischer, G., Ameis, N., Parzer, P., Plener, P. L., Groschwitz, R. C., Vonderlin, E., Kölch, M. G., Brunner, R. M., & Kaess, M. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0265-0 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“These include the German version of the Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire (SHBQ; [19]), the Modified Ottawa/Ulm Self-Injury Inventory (MOUSI; [7]), the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; [20]), and the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM; [21]).”
MethodLynam, D. R., Miller, J. D., Miller, D. J., Bornovalova, M. A., & Lejuez, C. W. (2011) · Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0019978 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Gratz, K. L., & Chapman, A. L. (2007) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/1524-9220.8.1.1 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationTaylor, P. J., Hutton, P., & Wood, L. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714002074 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“These scales were not developed as stand-alone measures, may lack reliability and may provide a limited coverage of suicidal phenomena (Gratz, 2001).”
BackgroundKerr, P. L., Muehlenkamp, J., & Turner, J. M. (2010) · Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2010.02.090110 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“Forms of self-injury most frequently reported besides cutting include burning, severe abrading/scratching of the skin, punching, biting, and inserting sharp objects under the skin.(17,49) This variation may be because of a number of factors, including psychosocial circumstances (eg, living in a restricted residential…”
BackgroundSerras, A. M., Saules, K. K., Cranford, J. A., & Eisenberg, D. (2010) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0017210 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“Types of self-injury include, but are not limited to, the following: cutting oneself, burning oneself, scratching oneself, pulling one’s hair, biting oneself, interference with one’s wound healing, carving into one’s skin, rubbing sharp objects into one’s skin, and punching object(s) to inflict bodily self-harm (Gratz…”
BackgroundSaving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE): a randomized controlled trial
Wasserman, D., Carli, V., Wasserman, C., Apter, A., Balázs, J., Bobes, J., Bracale, R., Brunner, R. M., Lipsicas, C. B., Corcoran, P. E., et al. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-192 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“(i) the Global School-Based Pupil Health Survey (GSHS) [42], which assesses lifestyles and risk-taking behaviors; (ii) the WHO Well-being Scale (WHO-5) [43], which evaluates mood (good spirits, relaxation), vitality (being active and waking up fresh and rested) and general interests (being interested in things); (iii)…”
Sex Differences in the Global Prevalence of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents
Moloney, F., Amini, J., Sinyor, M., Schaffer, A., Lanctôt, K. L., & Mitchell, R. H. B. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.15436 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Turner, B. J., Chapman, A. L., & Layden, B. K. (2012) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2011.00069.x · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Moral injury, mental health and behavioural health outcomes: A systematic review of the literature
Hall, N. A., Everson, A. T., Billingsley, M. R., & Miller, M. B. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2607 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.03.005 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationWhitlock, J., Exner-Cortens, D., & Purington, A. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0036611 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) and the Functional Assessment of”
BackgroundSharp, C., Ha, C., Michonski, J. D., Venta, A. C., & Carbone, C. (2012) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.12.003 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“A dimensional perspective may be particularly important for conceptualizing BPD pathology among youth because it is better able to account for developmental fluctuations and increased heterogeneity, which have been reported in younger samples [54].”
BackgroundNon-suicidal self-injury and eating pathology in high school students.
Ross, S., Heath, N. L., & Toste, J. R. (2009) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/a0014826 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Brief dialectical behavior therapy (DBT-B) for suicidal behavior and non-suicidal self injury
Stanley, B., Brodsky, B., Nelson, J. D., & Dulit, R. (2007) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811110701542069 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“…as 75% of individuals with borderline personality disorder engage in some form of NSSI, and=or suicidal behavior (self destructive behavior with an intent to die) (Gunderson, 2001; Linehan, 1993), a rate much higher than that of groups in the general population (Gratz, 2001; Ross and Heath, 2002).”
BackgroundPsychopathology in Young People Experiencing Homelessness: A Systematic Review
Hodgson, K. J., Shelton, K. H., van den Bree, M. B. M., & Los, F. J. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301318 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Depressive Symptoms During Middle Adolescence: A Longitudinal Analysis
Marshall, S. K., Tilton‐Weaver, L. C., & Stattin, H. (2013) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9919-3 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“NSSI was measured with the nine-item version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (Lundh et al. 2007), which is a revised version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (Gratz 2001) adapted for use with adolescents.”
Endogenous opioids and nonsuicidal self-injury: A mechanism of affect regulation
Bresin, K., & Gordon, K. H. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.020 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Sheehy, K., Noureen, A., Khaliq, A., Dhingra, K., Husain, N., Pontin, E. E., Cawley, R., & Taylor, P. J. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101779 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Cerutti, R., Manca, M., Presaghi, F., & Gratz, K. L. (2010) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.04.004 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“…high internal consistency, adequate test–retest reliability, and adequate construct, discriminant, and convergent validity among diverse undergraduate student and patient samples (Fliege et al., 2006; Gratz, 2001), and a modified version has been used with adolescents (Lundh et al., 2007).”
InfluentialSelf-citationRiley, E. N., Combs, J. L., Jordan, C. E., & Smith, G. T. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.03.002 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialPathological Internet use among adolescents: Comparing gamers and non-gamers
Strittmatter, E., Kaess, M., Parzer, P., Fischer, G., Carli, V., Hoven, C. W., Wasserman, C., Sarchiapone, M., Durkee, T., Apter, A., et al. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.029 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“A modified version (Brunner et al., 2014) of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) (Gratz, 2001) was used to distinguish between different forms of self-injurious behavior (e.g., cutting, burning, scratching, wound manipulation, and head banging).”
MethodInfluentialTull, M. T., Jakupcak, M., Paulson, A., & Gratz, K. L. (2007) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800701379249 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationA meta-analysis on the relation between peer victimization and adolescent non-suicidal self-injury
van Geel, M., Goemans, A., & Vedder, P. H. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.017 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Luca, L. D., Pastore, M., Palladino, B. E., Reime, B., Warth, P., & Menesini, E. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.091 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury in College Students: The Role of Perfectionism and Rumination
Hoff, E. R., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2009) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2009.39.6.576 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Gratz, K. L., Dixon–Gordon, K. L., Chapman, A. L., & Tull, M. T. (2015) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191114565878 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Until recently, nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), defined as the deliberate, direct, self-inflicted destruction of body tissue without suicidal intent and for purposes not socially sanctioned (Chapman, Gratz, & Brown, 2006; Gratz, 2001; International Society for the Study of Self-injury, 2007), was studied primarily in…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationA Literature Review of Deliberate Self-Harm
Mangnall, J., & Yurkovich, E. E. (2008) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6163.2008.00172.x · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“She generally showed low cortisol excretion; however, whenever her cortisol level rose above 20 μ g, she performed one of several acts of DSH. Subsequently, an instantaneous return to her baseline low cortisol levels was observed.”
InfluentialTurner, B. J., Layden, B. K., Butler, S. M., & Chapman, A. L. (2013) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.802660 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
An 11-item measure to assess borderline traits in adolescents: Refinement of the BPFSC using IRT.
Sharp, C., Steinberg, L., Temple, J. R., & Newlin, E. (2014) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000057 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Non-suicidal self-injury within offender populations: a systematic review
Dixon-Gordon, K., Harrison, N., & Roesch, R. (2012) · International Journal of Forensic Mental Health · doi:10.1080/14999013.2012.667513 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“This rate far exceeds that of the general population, in which 4% of adults (Briere & Gil, 1998; Klonsky, Oltmanns, & Turkheimer, 2003) and 13 to 15% of adolescents (Ross & Heath, 2002) report a history of NSSI, and instead is more comparable to the high rates found among young adult undergraduate students (e.g., 35%;…”
MethodResultAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and suicide: A systematic review
Balázs, J., & Keresztény, Á. (2017) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v7.i1.44 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Westlund Schreiner, M., Klimes-Dougan, B., Mueller, B. A., Eberly, L. E., Reigstad, K. M., Carstedt, P. A., Thomas, K. M., Hunt, R. H., Lim, K. O., & Cullen, K. R. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.004 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“NSSI was measured using the self-report Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS; Glenn & Klonsky, 2011) and the clinician-administered Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001).”
MethodThe Nature and Extent of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in a Non-Clinical Sample of Young Adults
Hasking, P. A., Momeni, R., Swannell, S., & Chia, S. (2008) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811110802100957 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The prevalence of self-injury in adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Farkas, B. F., Takács, Z. K., Kollárovics, N., & Balázs, J. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-023-02264-y · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“The most frequently used questionnaire was the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory [123], which was mentioned in 13 articles.”
Aknin, L. B., Neve, J. E. D., Dunn, E. W., Fancourt, D. E., Goldberg, E., Helliwell, J. F., Jones, S., Karam, E. G., Layard, R., Lyubomirsky, S., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zw93g · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Epidemiology and phenomenology of nonsuicidal self-injury.
Rodham, K., & Hawton, K. E. (2009) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11875-003 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: Diagnostic Challenges And Current Perspectives
Hooley, J. M., Fox, K. R., & Boccagno, C. E. (2020) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s198806 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Turner, B. J., Dixon–Gordon, K. L., Austin, S. B., Rodriguez, M. A., Rosenthal, M. Z., & Chapman, A. L. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.058 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self‐Injury and Disordered Eating: Expressing Emotion Dysregulation Through the Body
Muehlenkamp, J. J., Peat, C. M., Claes, L., & Smits, D. (2012) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2012.00100.x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Dir, A. L., Karyadi, K., & Cyders, M. A. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.01.025 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001).”
MethodNurses' attitudes towards self‐harm: a literature review
Karman, P., Kool, N., Poslawsky, I. E., & van Meijel, B. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12171 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gratz, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gratz, Kim L.
- ORCID
- Gratz, Kim L.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 253-263
- ISSN
- 0164-0305 (ISSN-L)
- 0882-2689
- 1573-3505
- OpenAlex
- W2167019091
- Cited by
- 1,166
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 76
- FWCI
- 2.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Keywords
- self-harm, psychometric validation, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity
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