The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Deliberate Self-Harm in a Nonclinical Population: Prevalence and Psychological Correlates
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Research on deliberate self-harm (intentionally injuring oneself without suicidal intent) has focused on clinical and forensic populations. Studying only these populations, which typically have serious psychopathology, may lead to inflated estimates of the association between self-harm and psychiatric disorder, as well as of the prevalence of deliberate self-harm. The present study investigated the prevalence and correlates of deliberate self-harm in a large group of nonclinical subjects. METHOD: Participants were 1,986 military recruits, 62% of whom were men, who were participating in a study of peer assessment of personality traits and pathology. Individuals who did and did not report a history of self-harm were compared on measures of personality and psychopathology. RESULTS: Approximately 4% of the participants reported a history of deliberate self-harm. Compared with participants without a history of deliberate self-harm, self-harmers scored higher on self- and peer-report measures of borderline, schizotypal, dependent, and avoidant personality disorder symptoms and reported more symptoms of anxiety and depression. Item-level analyses indicated that peers viewed self-harmers as having strange and intense emotions and a heightened sensitivity to interpersonal rejection. CONCLUSIONS: About one of every 25 members of a large group of relatively high-functioning nonclinical subjects reported a history of self-harm. Self-harmers had more symptoms of several personality disorders than non-self-harmers, and their performance across measures suggested that anxiety plays a prominent role in their psychopathology. Future research should investigate whether psychotherapies or psychiatric medications known to reduce symptoms of anxiety can be effective in treating deliberate self-harm.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the data corroborates the association between depression, anxiety and self-injury [73, 93–101]”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [93]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407
Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 · Cited by 11,696
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231 · Cited by 11,317
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601
Measurement of Deliberate Self-Harm: Preliminary Data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory
Gratz, K. L. (2001) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1012779403943 · Cited by 1,166 · cited 4×
“This lack of a gender difference has also been found in studies involving nonclinical subjects (14, 16).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-mutilation in clinical and general population samples: Prevalence, correlates, and functions.
Briere, J., & Gil, E. (1998) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0080369 · Cited by 956
Childhood origins of self-destructive behavior
(1991) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.148.12.1665 · Cited by 865
John, O. P., & Robins, R. W. (1993) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00781.x · Cited by 657
The functions of self-mutilation
Suyemoto, K. L. (1998) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(97)00105-0 · Cited by 597
The deliberate self-harm syndrome
Pattison, Ε. M., & Kahan, J. (1983) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.140.7.867 · Cited by 560
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The functions of deliberate self-injury: a review of the evidence
Klonsky, E. D. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002 · Cited by 1,979
Self-citationSwannell, S. V., Martin, G. E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & St John, N. J. (2014) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12070 · Cited by 1,624
Nock, M. K. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258 · Cited by 1,550
Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005 · Cited by 1,475
Klonsky, E. D., & Glenn, C. R. (2009) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-008-9107-z · Cited by 934
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Klonsky, E. D., Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2003-08-01
- Volume
- 160
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1501-1508
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC4362719
- OpenAlex
- W2132052914
- Cited by
- 780
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 13.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH51187, R01MH051187)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Keywords
- self-harm, prevalence, non-clinical population, military recruits, personality disorders, borderline personality disorder, schizotypy, dependent personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, anxiety, depression, peer perception
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Military Personnel, Peer Group, Personality Disorders, Personality Inventory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Sex Factors, Social Perception, United States, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Self-Injurious Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
