The DOI matches its Crossref record; 106 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Management of Bipolar Disorder During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Bipolar disorder affects 0.5%-1.5% of individuals in the United States. The typical age at onset is late adolescence or early adulthood, placing women at risk for episodes throughout their reproductive years. General guidelines for the treatment of bipolar disorder are available from the American Psychiatric Association, but additional issues arise when these guidelines are applied in the treatment of peripartum women. The authors summarize knowledge regarding the management of bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period, with a focus on managing mania, hypomania, and the psychotic components of the illness. METHOD: An expert panel reviewed articles that address the management of bipolar disorder and the consequences of the use of mood stabilizers during pregnancy, and a consensus document was generated. RESULTS: The treatment of bipolar disorder in pregnant women involves significant challenges. Some mood stabilizers, e.g., sodium valproate and carbamazepine, are human teratogens. On the other hand, the teratogenicity associated with lithium may have been overestimated in the past. CONCLUSIONS: Since treatment can be managed most effectively if pregnancy is planned, clinicians should discuss the issue of pregnancy and its management with every bipolar disorder patient who has childbearing potential, regardless of future reproductive plans. Additional research should address the risks of disturbed sleep to pregnant and postpartum women with bipolar disorder, as well as structural and behavioral consequences to offspring when mood stabilizers are used during pregnancy. Longitudinal and cohort studies can promote these efforts. Given the rate of bipolar disorder in the general population, research efforts will need to be broad based and include multiple collaborating centers.
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“Mothers who develop postpartum psychosis usually have a diagnosis consistent with bipolar depression, mania, or mixed state, with psychotic features [27].”
From Perinatal mental illness: Definition, description and aetiology (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Sleep deprivation and interference with circadian rhythms during late pregnancy, labour, and frequent newborn feeding promote mood destabilization [27].”
From Perinatal mental illness: Definition, description and aetiology (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“To the extent that benzodiazepines are associated with teratogenic effects, many experts consider the absolute increase to be small (Dolovich et al., 1998; Yonkers et al., 2004).”
From A Review of Alprazolam Use, Misuse, and Withdrawal (2018) · cites this paper as Yonkers et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“Current evidence seems to suggest that Fallot's tetralogy is not considerably elevated with lithium compared to the rate in the general population (560).”
From Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care (2011) · cites this paper as [560]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, a number of mood stabilizers have been associated with fetal malformations, including carbamazepine and valproate (560,561).”
From Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care (2011) · cites this paper as [560]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Yonkers, K. A., Wisner, K. L., Stowe, Z., Leibenluft, E., Cohen, L., Miller, L., Manber, R., Viguera, A., Suppes, T., & Altshuler, L.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2004-04-01
- Volume
- 161
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 608-620
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2124391299
- Cited by
- 394
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 23.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy and Medication Impact
- Keywords
- bipolar disorder, pregnancy, postpartum period, peripartum women, mania, hypomania, psychosis, mood stabilizers, lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine, teratogenicity, pregnancy planning, sleep disorders, offspring outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Lamotrigine, Adolescent, Adult, Anticonvulsants, Bipolar Disorder, Carbamazepine, Female, Embryonic and Fetal Development, Fetal Diseases, Humans, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Antipsychotic Agents, Triazines, Valproic Acid, Lithium Carbonate, Antimanic Agents, Postpartum Period
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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