The DOI matches its Crossref record; 106 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Management of Bipolar Disorder During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Bipolar disorder affects 0.5%-1.5% of individuals in the United States. The typical age at onset is late adolescence or early adulthood, placing women at risk for episodes throughout their reproductive years. General guidelines for the treatment of bipolar disorder are available from the American Psychiatric Association, but additional issues arise when these guidelines are applied in the treatment of peripartum women. The authors summarize knowledge regarding the management of bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period, with a focus on managing mania, hypomania, and the psychotic components of the illness. METHOD: An expert panel reviewed articles that address the management of bipolar disorder and the consequences of the use of mood stabilizers during pregnancy, and a consensus document was generated. RESULTS: The treatment of bipolar disorder in pregnant women involves significant challenges. Some mood stabilizers, e.g., sodium valproate and carbamazepine, are human teratogens. On the other hand, the teratogenicity associated with lithium may have been overestimated in the past. CONCLUSIONS: Since treatment can be managed most effectively if pregnancy is planned, clinicians should discuss the issue of pregnancy and its management with every bipolar disorder patient who has childbearing potential, regardless of future reproductive plans. Additional research should address the risks of disturbed sleep to pregnant and postpartum women with bipolar disorder, as well as structural and behavioral consequences to offspring when mood stabilizers are used during pregnancy. Longitudinal and cohort studies can promote these efforts. Given the rate of bipolar disorder in the general population, research efforts will need to be broad based and include multiple collaborating centers.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Mothers who develop postpartum psychosis usually have a diagnosis consistent with bipolar depression, mania, or mixed state, with psychotic features [27].”
From Perinatal mental illness: Definition, description and aetiology (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Sleep deprivation and interference with circadian rhythms during late pregnancy, labour, and frequent newborn feeding promote mood destabilization [27].”
From Perinatal mental illness: Definition, description and aetiology (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“To the extent that benzodiazepines are associated with teratogenic effects, many experts consider the absolute increase to be small (Dolovich et al., 1998; Yonkers et al., 2004).”
From A Review of Alprazolam Use, Misuse, and Withdrawal (2018) · cites this paper as Yonkers et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“Current evidence seems to suggest that Fallot's tetralogy is not considerably elevated with lithium compared to the rate in the general population (560).”
From Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care (2011) · cites this paper as [560]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, a number of mood stabilizers have been associated with fetal malformations, including carbamazepine and valproate (560,561).”
From Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care (2011) · cites this paper as [560]
Citations
Cites
Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk
Breastfeeding, S. O. (2005) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2491 · Cited by 5,310
Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk
Work Group on Breastfeeding (1997) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.100.6.1035 · Cited by 1,240
Epidemiology of Puerperal Psychoses
Kendell, R. E., Chalmers, J. C., & Platz, C. (1987) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.150.5.662 · Cited by 1,119
Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation
BRIGGS, G. G., Freeman, R. K., & Yaffe, S. J. (1990) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-113-11-902_3 · Cited by 1,075
Extending Indications for Long-Term Pharmacotherapy: Opportunities and Challenges
Kane, J. M. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.1 · Cited by 989
Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy
Heinonen, O. P., Slone, D., & Shapiro, S. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 801
Ehlers, C. L. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800340076012 · Cited by 707 · cited 1×
“Psychotherapies for the manic pole of bipolar disorder focus primarily on increasing adherence to treatment with medication, improving functioning in social and occupational domains, minimizing sleep deprivation (since sleep deprivation can precipitate mania [93]), and preventing relapse.”
BackgroundThe Teratogenicity of Anticonvulsant Drugs
Holmes, L. B., Harvey, E. A., Coull, B. A., Huntington, K. B., Khoshbin, S., Hayes, A. M., & RYAN, L. M. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200104123441504 · Cited by 661
Calabrese, J. R., Suppes, T., Bowden, C. L., Sachs, G. S., Swann, A. C., McElroy, S. L., Kusumakar, V., Ascher, J. A., Earl, N. L., Greene, P. L., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v61n1106 · Cited by 498
Self-citationViguera, A. C., Nonacs, R., Cohen, L. S., Tondo, L., Murray, A., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.179 · Cited by 488
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Delgado-Escueta A, Janz D: Consensus guidelines: preconception counseling, management, and care of pregnant women with epilepsy. Neurology 1992; 42:149–160
- Crawford P, Appleton R, Betts T, Duncan J, Guthrie E, Morrow J (Women With Epilepsy Guidelines Development Group): Best practice guidelines for the management of women with epilepsy. Seizure 1999; 8:201–217 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–393 of 393
Hochegger, K., & Ar, R. (2007) · Journal für Kardiologie (Krause & Pachernegg GmbH)
McGrath, P. J., & Roose, S. P. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139175869.004
Psychiatric Disorders in Pregnancy
Pearlstein, T. B., & Star, J. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444323016.ch21
Psychiatric Problems During Pregnancy and the Puerperium
Worley, L. L. M., & Melville, J. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470753323.ch54
Hp, K., & Klier, C. M. (2009) · Journal für Kardiologie (Krause & Pachernegg GmbH)
Biological treatments for psychotic disorders
Girgis, R. R., Schobel, S., & Lieberman, J. A. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544125.027
Acute Psychiatric Conditions in Pregnancy
Flynn, E., Monzon, C., & Pearlstein, T. B. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444316780.ch48
Psychiatric disorders of menses, pregnancy, postpartum and menopause
Buist, A., Yonkers, K. A., & Craig, M. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544125.020
Self-citationEsteves, M. M. B. S. D. S. (2012) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.34626/ycpx-gh09
Mood Stabilizer Discontinuation in Pregnant Women With Bipolar Disorder
Mazer‐Poline, C., Rifkin, A. E., Geisler, S., & WALCH, T. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08010036
Prevention and Diagnosis of Postpartum Psychosis
Dorfman, J., Meisner, R., & FRANK, J. B. (2012) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20120705-05
Detection of the bipolar patient: lights and shadows
Moreno, J. M. V. (2007) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.yic.0000224795.29029.2e
Pharmacological management of psychiatric disorders in pregnancy complicated by diabetics
Balhara, Y. P. S., Verma, R., & Kalra, B. (2014) · Journal of Social Health and Diabetes · doi:10.4103/2321-0656.130789
Teratogenicity and hyperprolactinemia
Andrade, C. (2009) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0019-5545.44909
Treatment of bipolar disorder during and after pregnancy
Roy, P. S., & Payne, J. L. (2009) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-8567-5_15
Chepenik, L. G., & Mallory, M. N. S. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139088077.034
Four Bipolar Cases Treated with Quetiapine During Pregnancy
Degerli, H. E., Altınbaş, K., Delice, M. A., & Kurt, E. (2014) · Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5455/bcp.20140714030311
Delving Further Into Discontinuation Risk: Addressing the Use of Mood Stabilizers During Pregnancy
Isakovich, N. V., & Smith, E. G. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08010072
Treatment Considerations During Lactation for Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder
Moratschek, S., Lytle, S., & Hatters‐Friedman, S. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology News · doi:10.1521/capn.2013.18.1.6
Treatment Considerations for the Pregnant Adolescent with Bipolar Disorder
Moratschek, S., Hatters‐Friedman, S., & Graupera-Frain, R. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology News · doi:10.1521/capn.2013.18.4.8
[The treatment of bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period].
Gülöksüz, S., Akdeniz, F., İnce, B., & Oral, E. T. (2010) · PubMed
Psychopharmacotherapy for Pregnant Women
Jeong, J. H., Suh, H. S., Lim, W., & Lee, S. Y. (2013) · 대한정신약물학회지
Psychoactive drugs during pregnancy and breast-feeding
Thiels, C. (2006) · Acta Universitatis Lodziensis Folia Psychologica · doi:10.18778/1427-969x.10.09
Nery, L. R. (2011) · Americanae (AECID Library)
The young adult on the inpatient unit
Casher, M. I., & Bess, J. D. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511933783.010
The Experience of Pregnancy for Women with Bipolar Disorder: An Exploratory Study
Richardson, E. (2019) · International Journal of Nursing Student Scholarship · doi:10.17615/yq0n-0m88
Fetal exposure to neurotropic drugs : neonatal effects and long-term outcome
Forsberg, L. (2016) · Figshare
Psychiatric Medications During Pregnancy
Lake, P. P. (2009) · Postgraduate Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.pgo.0000351476.79463.89
Diagnosis, and Management of Mood Disorders in Pregnant and Postpartum Women
Yonkers, K. A., Vigod, S. N., & Ross, L. E. (2012)
Self-citationThe Pharmacotherapy of Perinatal Mood Disorders
Ricke, A. K., Farrell, C. E., & Chambers, J. E. (2009) · Psychopharm Review · doi:10.1097/01.idt.0000358998.37966.f3
Bipolar Disorder: A Pharmacotherapy Management Overview
Le, H. T., Pham, T. T., & Tsu, L. V. (2014) · Chapman University Digital Commons (Chapman University)
Bipolar affective disorder: advances in genetics and mood-stabilising medication
White, D. C., & Kelly, B. D. (2006) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0790966700009423
Medication treatment of mania: Acute and preventive
Kahn, D. A. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139175869.008
(2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107045132.022
Management of Depression and Psychoses in Pregnancy and the Puerperium
Yonkers, K. A. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4224-2.50056-9
Self-citationTreatment of Bipolar Disorder During the Postpartum Period
Viguera, A. C. (2006) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900025724
Self-citationPsychotropic Medication in Pregnancy: Focus on Child Outcomes
Power, J., Galbally, M., & Lewis, A. J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32358-9_6
Ito, N. (2006) · Rinsho yakuri/Japanese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.3999/jscpt.37.6_347
Maj, M., Ïðåçèäåíò, È., Tasman, A., & Herrman, H. (2011)
Bipolar disorder and pregnancy: Therapeutic dilemmas
Avakumović, V. R. (2015) · Engrami · doi:10.5937/engrami1503041r
Uso de eutimizantes durante el embarazo y la lactancia
Prieto, M., Oraá, R., Zardoya, M. J., Uriarte, J. J. U., Malo, P., Medrano, J., & Pacheco, L. (2018) · Psiquiatría Biológica · doi:10.1016/j.psiq.2018.01.003
Psychiatric Disorders in Women’s Health
Chandraiah, S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7641-6_24
Management of Bipolar Disease in Pregnancy and Lactation
Swetlik, C., & Viguera, A. C. (2018) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-018-0161-1
Self-citationPerinatal Nuances in Managing Bipolar II Disorder
Tavella, G., & Boyce, P. M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333252.015
The dilemma of using psychiatric medication in pregnancy. A case report and a review of literature
Prisacaru, M. E., Buţureanu, T., & Mihai, C. (2020) · Bulletin of Integrative Psychiatry · doi:10.36219/bpi.2020.2.12
Liječenje bipolarnog afektivnog poremećaja tijekom trudnoće
Jurman, R., & Rubeša, G. (2021) · Medicina Fluminensis · doi:10.21860/medflum2021_365349
Perinatal Patients with Manic Symptoms
Bottom, R. L. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71497-0_12
Spezielle Arzneimitteltherapie in der Schwangerschaft
(2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-343721332-8.50004-1
Psychopharmaka in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit
Paulzen, M., Dielentheis, T. F., & Gründer, G. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19844-1_93
Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
(2004) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.923
(2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470041000.cedt064
(2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118269954.refs
Schrodt, G. R. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-32328-2_8
Evidence-Based Principles for Bipolar Disorder Treatment
(2019) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.17303
Mendoza, G., & Aguilera, C. (2004) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/s0025-7753(04)74579-0
(2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-39256-3.50275-2
Important to optimise long-term prophylaxis in patients with bipolar disorder
&NA; (2007) · Drugs & Therapy Perspectives · doi:10.2165/00042310-200723030-00004
Garbis, H., & McElhatton, P. R. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044452072-2/50015-x
Becker, M. A., Weinberger, T. E., Denysenko, L., & Kunkel, E. J. S. (2011) · Series in maternal-fetal medicine · doi:10.3109/9781841848235.021
The Young Adult on the Inpatient Unit
Casher, M. I. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108656672.010
Bibliography for G ender , R ace , and C ulture
(2006) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.4.1.57
Foust, M. J., & George, M. S. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471732877.emd094
Prise en charge du trouble bipolaire chez la femme en âge de procréer
Sutter‐Dallay, A., Dallay, D., & Garay, R. P. (2008) · L information psychiatrique · doi:10.3917/inpsy.8402.0155
Serrano, J. D. C. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05870-2_21
Tratamento do transtorno bipolar durante a gravidez
Porto, J. A. D., & Oitaven, N. L. (2022) · Debates em Psiquiatria · doi:10.25118/2763-9037.2018.v8.330
Mindfulness-Based Interventions during Pregnancy and Labour
Merchante, M. S., & Martinez-Hurtado, E. D. (2022) · Recent advances in anesthesiology · doi:10.2174/9789815051841122040022
Screening prenatal depression to assess childbirth and neonatal complications: a cohort study
Ataei, M., Firoozabadi, M. A., Abdollahi, S., & Hashemnejad, M. (2023) · Health Science Monitor · doi:10.52547/hsm.2.1.30
Psychiatric Conditions During Peripartum and Perimenopause
Payne, J. L., & Kornstein, S. G. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_4-1 · Cited by 1
Forray, A., & McMahon, J. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95702-1.00040-3
Psychiatric Conditions During Peripartum and Perimenopause
Payne, J. L., & Kornstein, S. G. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_4
A Case of Palpitations in Pregnancy
Castellanos, M. J., Stoklosa, H., Monette, D. L., & Wittels, K. A. (2024) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2024.10.018
(2011) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378135.lg24
Chapter 6. Treatment of Women With Bipolar Disorder
Ketter, T. A., Rasgon, N., & Vemuri, M. (2015) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378210.lg06
Chapter 11. Obstetrics and Gynecology
(2023) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615375264.lg11
Chapter 15. Bipolar Disorder and Related Disorders
Nagle-Yang, S. M., DeBrunner, S. A., Favini, A., Novick, A. M., Hasser, C., Prakash, C., & Nathan, M. (2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379545.lg15
Chapter 7. The Obstetrics Patient
(2004) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615377282.lg07
Chapter 4. Psychiatric Disorders in Pregnancy
(2005) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615377480.lg04
Chapter 9. Perinatal Psychiatry and Teratogenicity
Koukopoulos, A. E., Viguera, A. C., Nonacs, R. M., Petrillo, L. F., & Cohen, L. S. (2008) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615377565.lg09
Self-citationBauer, M., Ritter, P. S., & Gitlin, M. J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85519-1_23
Prabhakar, H. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-22273-3.00037-7
Length of hospital admission, cannabis use and associated factors in patients with bipolar disorder
Mamadi-Moshidi, S. R., Zuma, S., & Galvin, L. (2025) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v31i0.2510
Janiri, D., Sampogna, G., Albert, U., Caraci, F., Martinotti, G., Serafini, G., Tortorella, A., Zuddas, A., Fiorillo, A., & Sani, G. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26568208
Mental Health Conditions in the Perinatal Period
Comella, N., & Ayala, N. K. (2025) · Contemporary surgical clerkships · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-96541-8_21
Atitude de profissionais de saúde diante do comportamento suicida de gestantes e puérperas
Albaraçin, G. C., Basqueira, A. P., Malimpensa, L. B., & Neves, T. F. (2025) · Revista da SBPH · doi:10.57167/rev-sbph.2025.v28.esp_1.896
Lenze, S. N., Battle, C. L., Swartz, H. A., Johnson, J. E., Morin, A. V., Hoyos, C. C.-D., & Weinstock, L. M. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121922
Maintain euthymia and prevent mood episodes in pregnant and postpartum women with bipolar disorder
Chen, K., & Kang, C. (2026) · Drugs & Therapy Perspectives · doi:10.1007/s40267-026-01237-w
Management of Lithium in Pregnancy and Lactation: An Individualized Approach
Betcher, H. K., Vydysh, A., Ellington, B. D., & Clark, C. T. (2026) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-026-01674-4
(2024) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427118.bm02
Chapter 15. Women: Pregnancy, Postpartum, and Breastfeeding
Kenkel, L., Astley, S., & Kang, L. (2024) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9798894551913.lg15
Mitchell, A. R., Lindquist, A., Hiscock, R. J., Forsythe, A., Gordon, H., Homer, C., Pritchard, N., Atkinson, J., Walker, S. P., Tong, S., et al. (2026) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.70301
The Significance of Bipolar Disorder in Women
Kang, H., Song, J., & Nam, B. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-92-1323-8_6
Metadata
- Authors
- Yonkers, K. A., Wisner, K. L., Stowe, Z., Leibenluft, E., Cohen, L., Miller, L., Manber, R., Viguera, A., Suppes, T., & Altshuler, L.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2004-04-01
- Volume
- 161
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 608-620
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2124391299
- Cited by
- 394
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 23.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy and Medication Impact
- Keywords
- bipolar disorder, pregnancy, postpartum period, peripartum women, mania, hypomania, psychosis, mood stabilizers, lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine, teratogenicity, pregnancy planning, sleep disorders, offspring outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Lamotrigine, Adolescent, Adult, Anticonvulsants, Bipolar Disorder, Carbamazepine, Female, Embryonic and Fetal Development, Fetal Diseases, Humans, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Antipsychotic Agents, Triazines, Valproic Acid, Lithium Carbonate, Antimanic Agents, Postpartum Period
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
