The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Prevalence of DSM-IV Personality Disorders in Psychiatric Outpatients
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The largest clinical epidemiological surveys of personality disorders have been based on unstructured clinical evaluations. However, several recent studies have questioned the accuracy and thoroughness of clinical diagnostic interviews; consequently, clinical epidemiological studies, like community-based studies, should be based on standardized evaluations. The Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services project is one of the largest clinical epidemiological studies to use semistructured interviews to assess a wide range of psychiatric disorders conducted in general clinical outpatient practice. In the present report, the authors examined the frequency of DSM-IV personality disorders in a patient group and the comorbidity among them. METHOD: Eight hundred fifty-nine psychiatric outpatients were interviewed with the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality upon presentation for treatment. RESULTS: Slightly less than one-third of the patients were diagnosed with one of the 10 official DSM-IV personality disorders (N=270, 31.4%). When the patients with personality disorder not otherwise specified were included, the rate of any personality disorder increased to almost half of the group (N=391, 45.5%). The majority of patients meeting criteria for one of the specific personality disorders were diagnosed with more than one. Avoidant, borderline, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder were the most frequent specific diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: Personality disorders, as a group, are among the most frequent disorders treated by psychiatrists. They should be evaluated in all psychiatric patients because their presence can influence the course and treatment of the axis I disorder that patients typically identify as their chief complaint.
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“In these analyses, NPD formed part of an antagonism factor comprising narcissistic, antisocial, histrionic, and paranoid PDs (see Zimmerman et al. 2005).”
From Controversies in Narcissism (2017) · cites this paper as Zimmerman et al. 2005
In the citing paper
“Longitudinal studies show that this association is bidirectional, 241,242 but with a stronger time-lagged association of marital discord predicting depressive symptoms than viceversa. 243”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [241]
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“4,17,26 Longstanding stigma against PDs may contribute to underdiagnosis.”
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“Furthermore, PDs show a high comorbidity with other mental disorders and influence the duration, course, recurrence and response to treatment of those disorders (e.g. Newton-Howes et al., 2014; Zimmerman et al., 2005).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zimmerman, M., Rothschild, L., & Chelminski, I.
- Affiliations
- Lifespan (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2005-10-01
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1911-1918
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2162488020
- Cited by
- 825
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 22.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29mh048732-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-56404, MH48732)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Keywords
- personality disorders, DSM-IV personality disorders, prevalence, psychiatric outpatients, comorbidities, avoidant personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, semi-structured interviews, clinical epidemiology
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Ambulatory Care, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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