Cited by 825Personality Disorders and PsychopathologyPersonality Traits and PsychologyBipolar Disorder and Treatment

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The Prevalence of DSM-IV Personality Disorders in Psychiatric Outpatients

Zimmerman, Mark, Rothschild, Louis, Chelminski, Iwona·2005·American Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1911

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The largest clinical epidemiological surveys of personality disorders have been based on unstructured clinical evaluations. However, several recent studies have questioned the accuracy and thoroughness of clinical diagnostic interviews; consequently, clinical epidemiological studies, like community-based studies, should be based on standardized evaluations. The Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services project is one of the largest clinical epidemiological studies to use semistructured interviews to assess a wide range of psychiatric disorders conducted in general clinical outpatient practice. In the present report, the authors examined the frequency of DSM-IV personality disorders in a patient group and the comorbidity among them. METHOD: Eight hundred fifty-nine psychiatric outpatients were interviewed with the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality upon presentation for treatment. RESULTS: Slightly less than one-third of the patients were diagnosed with one of the 10 official DSM-IV personality disorders (N=270, 31.4%). When the patients with personality disorder not otherwise specified were included, the rate of any personality disorder increased to almost half of the group (N=391, 45.5%). The majority of patients meeting criteria for one of the specific personality disorders were diagnosed with more than one. Avoidant, borderline, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder were the most frequent specific diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: Personality disorders, as a group, are among the most frequent disorders treated by psychiatrists. They should be evaluated in all psychiatric patients because their presence can influence the course and treatment of the axis I disorder that patients typically identify as their chief complaint.

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Mergui, J., Raveh, D., Gropp, C., Golmard, J., & Jaworowski, S. (2014) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2014.981543 · Cited by 12
“In the psychiatric outpatient population, cluster B is one of the most frequent types of PD (13% of all patients) (Zimmerman et al. 2005).”
Background
Personality pathology and its relation to couple functioning
Gutman, J., McDermut, W., Miller, I. W., Chelminski, I., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20311 · Cited by 12
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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Is Common Among Occupational Health Care Clients With Depression
Raiskila, T., Sequeiros, S. B., Kiuttu, J., Kauhanen, M.-L., Läksy, K., Rissanen, P., Vainiemi, K., Tuulio‐Henriksson, A., Veijola, J., & Joukamaa, M. I. (2013) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e3182717e6d · Cited by 11
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“For instance, Zimmerman, Rothschild, and Chelminski (2005) found a prevalence of 3.1% in a general clinical outpatient practice, whereas Mariani et al. (2008) found a prevalence of 17.3% in a sample of treatment-seeking cocaine- and cannabis-dependent individuals.”
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Dropout in schema therapy for personality disorders
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“In psychiatric populations, its prevalence is about 30% among outpatients [3], 40% among inpatients [4] and up to 70% in prison psychiatric populations [5].”
Background
Comparing External Correlates ofDSM-5Section II and Section III Dimensional Trait Operationalizations of Borderline Personality Disorder
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“Актуальность этой проблемы связана с достаточно высокой распространенностью расстройств типа «фершробен», причем не столько в контингенте специализированных психиатрических учреждений (0,6—0,8%) [16, 17], сколько в общемедицинской сети (1,4—10,0%).”
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Clinical traits of patients with major depressive disorder with comorbid borderline personality disorder based on propensity score matching
Tong, P., Bo, P., Shi, Y., Dong, L., Sun, T., Gao, X., & Yang, Y. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23122 · Cited by 10
“A study of outpatients found that approximately 51.3% of patients had comorbid PD and MDD (Zimmerman et al., 2005).”
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Jiang, X., Wang, J., Sun, W., Xu, L., Tang, X., Cui, H., Wei, Y., Hui, L., Qiao, Y., Wang, J., et al. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2185-5 · Cited by 10
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Akçay, B. D., & Akçay, D. (2020) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/0101-60830000000240 · Cited by 10
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Corff, Y. L., Martin‐Storey, A., Touchette, L., Lapalme, M., & Forget, K. (2021) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2020_34_494 · Cited by 11
Psychometric Properties of Persian Version of Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 for Personality Disorders
Gharraee, B., Shabani, A., Masoumian, S., Zamirinejad, S., Yaghmaeezadeh, H., Khanjani, S., & Ghahremani, S. (2022) · East Asian Archives of Psychiatry · doi:10.12809/eaap2208 · Cited by 17
Preadolescents' borderline personality features in a non-Western urban context: Concurrent and longitudinal associations with physical and relational aggression, friendship exclusivity and peer victimization
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“Furthermore, the distribution of specific PD was similar to prevalence studies including psychiatric samples (Ferro, Klein, Schwartz, Kasch, & Leader, 1998; Zimmerman et al., 2005); borderline, avoidant, paranoid personality disorder and PDNOS were also the most frequent PD diagnosis.”
Result

Authors: Zimmerman, M., Rothschild, L., & Chelminski, I.
Affiliations: Lifespan (US)
ORCID: Zimmerman, Mark
Rothschild, Louis
Venue: American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 2005-10-01
Volume: 162
Issue: 10
Pages: 1911-1918
ISSN: 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
1535-7228
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1911
OpenAlex: W2162488020
Cited by: 825
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 60
FWCI: 22.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r29mh048732-05)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-56404, MH48732)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
Keywords: personality disorders, DSM-IV personality disorders, prevalence, psychiatric outpatients, comorbidities, avoidant personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, semi-structured interviews, clinical epidemiology
MeSH terms: Adult, Ambulatory Care, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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The Prevalence of DSM-IV Personality Disorders in Psychiatric Outpatients

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