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Symptom Fluctuation in Eating Disorders: Correlates of Diagnostic Crossover
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The course of anorexia nervosa often includes the emergence of bulimic symptoms and a crossover to the full syndrome of bulimia nervosa. However, clinicians' ability to predict who will develop bulimia nervosa is limited. The converse phenomenon, crossover from bulimia nervosa to anorexia nervosa, has not been investigated as thoroughly. The authors identified factors that are associated with crossover from anorexia nervosa to bulimia nervosa and from bulimia nervosa to anorexia nervosa. METHOD: All participants were from the International Price Foundation Genetic Study. Two groups were studied. The first comprised 88 individuals with an initial diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, of whom 32 developed bulimia nervosa. The second included 350 individuals with bulimia nervosa, of whom 93 developed anorexia nervosa. Several variables, including DSM-IV axis I and II disorders and personality traits, were evaluated as potential predictors of crossover. RESULTS: For the majority of affected individuals, crossover occurred by the fifth year of illness. A low level of self-directedness was associated with crossover in both directions. Other factors differed by diagnosis: high parental criticism was associated with crossover from anorexia nervosa to bulimia nervosa, whereas alcohol abuse/dependence and a low level of novelty seeking were associated with crossover from bulimia nervosa to anorexia nervosa. CONCLUSIONS: Low self-directedness may be associated with diagnostic instability in general, whereas other specific factors are related to the direction of diagnostic crossover. These results indicate that personality and family characteristics may influence the course of eating disorders and may be informative for planning interventions.
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“because binge eating typically develops within the first three years after AN onset (Bulik et al., 1997a, Tozzi et al., 2005).”
From Factors associated with recovery from anorexia nervosa (2013) · cites this paper as Tozzi et al., 2005
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tozzi, F., Thornton, L. M., Klump, K. L., Fichter, M. M., Halmi, K. A., Kaplan, A. S., Strober, M., Woodside, D. B., Crow, S., Mitchell, J., Rotondo, A., Mauri, M., Cassano, G., Keel, P., Plotnicov, K. H., Pollice, C., Lilenfeld, L. R., Berrettini, W. H., Bulik, C. M., & Kaye, W. H.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2005-04-01
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 732-740
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2130593434
- Cited by
- 317
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 20.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, symptom fluctuation, self-direction, novelty seeking, parental criticism, alcohol abuse, personality traits, family factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anorexia Nervosa, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Mental Disorders, Bulimia, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Disorders, Personality Inventory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Logistic Models, Survival Analysis, Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry), Substance-Related Disorders
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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