The genetic epidemiology of bulimia nervosa.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The authors seek to clarify, from both an epidemiologic and genetic perspective, the major risk factors for bulimia nervosa and to understand the relationship between narrowly defined bulimia and bulimia-like syndromes. METHOD: Personal structured psychiatric interviews were conducted with 2,163 female twins from a population-based register. Psychiatric disorders were assessed using DSM-III-R criteria. RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence and risk for narrowly defined bulimia were 2.8% and 4.2%, respectively. Including bulimia-like syndromes increased these estimates to 5.7% and 8.0%, respectively. Risk factors for bulimia included 1) birth after 1960, 2) low paternal care, 3) a history of wide weight fluctuation, dieting, or frequent exercise, 4) a slim ideal body image, 5) low self-esteem, 6) an external locus of control, and 7) high levels of neuroticism. Significant comorbidity was found between bulimia and anorexia nervosa, alcoholism, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, phobia, and major depression. Proband-wise concordance for narrowly defined bulimia was 22.9% in monozygotic and 8.7% in dizygotic twins. The best-fitting model indicated that familial aggregation was due solely to genetic factors with a heritability of liability of 55%. A multiple threshold model indicated that narrowly defined bulimia nervosa and bulimia-like syndromes represented different levels of severity on the same continuum of liability. CONCLUSIONS: The liability to fully syndromal bulimia nervosa, which affects around one in 25 women at some point in their lives, is substantially influenced by both epidemiologic and genetic risk factors. The same factors that influence the risk for narrowly defined bulimia also influence the risk for less severe bulimia-like syndromes.
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The observed prevalence estimates were generally similar to those of previous studies.
“The observed prevalence estimates were generally similar to those of previous studies,1–8,22,23 and salient differences in sociodemographic and clinical correlates were observed between eating disorder subtypes.”
From Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in Adolescents: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (2011) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Kendler, K. S., MacLean, C., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center (US)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 1991-12-01
- Volume
- 148
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1627-1637
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W349839223
- Cited by
- 631
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 26.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hd026746-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH040828, MH 40828)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-25630)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 26746)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Keywords
- bulimia nervosa, genetic epidemiology, heritability, monozygotic and dizygotic twins, familial aggregation, risk factors, comorbidities, anorexia nervosa, neuroticism, self-esteem, body image, lifetime prevalence
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anorexia Nervosa, Anxiety Disorders, Body Image, Body Weight, Bulimia, Depressive Disorder, Diet, Reducing, Diseases in Twins, Family, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Middle Aged, Models, Genetic, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Self Concept, Comorbidity, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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