The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 10 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria.
Open accessAbstract
How should DSM criteria relate to the disorders they are designed to assess? To address this question empirically, the author examines how well DSM-5 symptomatic criteria for major depression capture the descriptions of clinical depression in the post-Kraepelin Western psychiatric tradition as described in textbooks published between 1900 and 1960. Eighteen symptoms and signs of depression were described, 10 of which are covered by the DSM criteria for major depression or melancholia. For two symptoms (mood and cognitive content), DSM criteria are considerably narrower than those described in the textbooks. Five symptoms and signs (changes in volition/motivation, slowing of speech, anxiety, other physical symptoms, and depersonalization/derealization) are not present in the DSM criteria. Compared with the DSM criteria, these authors gave greater emphasis to cognitive, physical, and psychomotor changes, and less to neurovegetative symptoms. These results suggest that important features of major depression are not captured by DSM criteria. This is unproblematic as long as DSM criteria are understood to index rather than constitute psychiatric disorders. However, since DSM-III, our field has moved toward a reification of DSM that implicitly assumes that psychiatric disorders are actually just the DSM criteria. That is, we have taken an index of something for the thing itself. For example, good diagnostic criteria should be succinct and require minimal inference, but some critical clinical phenomena are subtle, difficult to assess, and experienced in widely varying ways. This conceptual error has contributed to the impoverishment of psychopathology and has affected our research, clinical work, and teaching in some undesirable ways.
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31 Own result · 20 Own interpretation · 20 No basis given · 6 No full text of the sources · 2 Sources not found · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Supported
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In the paper
“Eighteen symptoms and signs of depression were described, 10 of which are covered by the DSM criteria for major depression or melancholia.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“For two symptoms (mood and cognitive content), DSM criteria are considerably narrower than those described in the textbooks.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Second, the descriptive literature placed greater relative emphasis on the cognitive and attitudinal changes associated with depression than do the DSM criteria, where these features constitute only one criterion, characterized solely by worthlessness and guilt.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Empirical Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“However, none of the authors noted increased appetite and weight gain, which are also described in this DSM criterion.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Textbooks' Descriptions of Symptoms and Signs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fatigue, exhaustion, and feelings of being tired out, symptoms well captured by DSM criterion A6, were described by only eight authors.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Textbooks' Descriptions of Symptoms and Signs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sixth, consistent with recent work (30), these authors gave greater prominence to changes in psychomotor functioning, especially psychomotor retardation, than is our current practice.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Empirical Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Depression-related changes in volition and motivation were described by 15 authors and were typically distinguished both from the more physical feelings of fatigue and the difficulty in decision making.Most commonly, this was described as lack of initiative, loss of will, or inability to work.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Textbooks' Descriptions of Symptoms and Signs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Of note, only one author described neurovegetative changes in sleep, appetite, or weight as a central symptom of depression.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Prominent Symptoms and Signs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Third, second to mood changes, the most frequently noted key symptom of major depression was changes in cognitive Am J Psychiatry 173:8, August 2016 ajp.psychiatryonline.org773 functioning, typically characterized by difficulties in thinking and concentrating.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Empirical Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mood disturbances in the course of major depression were described by all 19 textbook authors (Table 1).”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Textbooks' Descriptions of Symptoms and Signs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Second, it does not explain the diminution in psychopathological expertise and interest since the advent of DSM-III (4).”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Potential Limitations
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] source
The Abstract says that since DSM-III’s publication in 1980, teaching careful clinical evaluation informed by psychopathology has steadily declined. The section ‘To improve communication between clinicians’ adds that classics in psychopathology are largely ignored and research in psychopathology is a dying enterprise. Together, these support the claimed diminution in expertise and interest. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with the DSM criteria, these authors gave greater emphasis to cognitive, physical, and psychomotor changes, and less to neurovegetative symptoms.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depression-associated depersonalization and derealization were noted in 12 of the textbooks.A number of descriptions were provided, including everything feeling changed or unreal, seeing the world through a mist, and perplexity.No DSM-5 criteria for major depression describe this kind of depressive symptomatology.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Textbooks' Descriptions of Symptoms and Signs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“First, Lewis comments on all but two of the symptoms and signs that I developed from the textbook review, so there is a high degree of consilience between these two sources of information (Table 3).”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Lewis's Monograph
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psychomotor changes were reported by all but one author, 12 of whom described only aspects of psychomotor retardation and six of whom also commented on agitation.These signs are well presented in DSM-5 criterion A5.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Textbooks' Descriptions of Symptoms and Signs
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Speech that was slow, hesitant, indistinct, and/ or monosyllabic was described by all but two authors.This symptom is not included in DSM-5.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Textbooks' Descriptions of Symptoms and Signs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Various aspects of anxiety, including panic attacks and obsessive fears, were noted by 14 authors, but anxiety is not included in the DSM criteria for major depression.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Textbooks' Descriptions of Symptoms and Signs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All three of these are well reflected in the DSM criteria for major depression.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Prominent Symptoms and Signs
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the DSM-5 criteria, Muncie's criteria included symptoms of depersonalization and derealization and gave greater emphasis to physiological symptoms and changes in facial expression and posture.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Criteria for Depression Proposed by Muncie
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Muncie W, 1939 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The next most common central symptom, volitional changes, was noted by only 20% of these authors and is not described in DSM-5 criteria.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Prominent Symptoms and Signs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other physical symptoms and signs, noted by 17 authors, was the most difficult symptom category to summarize.Most commonly described were gastrointestinal complaints, but diminished libido, amenorrhea, and headaches were also often noted.Also frequently described were changes in facial expression and posture.These phenomena are not captured by any part of the A criterion in DSM-5 major depression.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Textbooks' Descriptions of Symptoms and Signs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As seen in Table 4, ten of the 18 symptoms and signs were well described by the DSM A criteria for major depression and one by a criterion for melancholia.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Quantitative Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Poor appetite and weight loss were described by, respectively, 10 and nine textbook authors, consistent with DSM criterion A3.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Textbooks' Descriptions of Symptoms and Signs
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eighth, nearly all authors commented on changes in the speech of depressed patients, most typically describing it as slow, low in volume, with long pauses.This sign is not in DSM-5.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Empirical Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fifth, the textbook authors gave less importance to the neurovegetative features of depression-changes in sleep, appetite, and weight-than the DSM criteria do.No author noted them as key depressive symptoms.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Empirical Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the nature of psychiatric practice changed during the 20th century, with outpatient care constituting a larger proportion of our work, especially after 1960.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Potential Limitations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By the time DSM-III was published in 1980, the majority of depressed patients were being seen in ambulatory settings and were often more mildly ill.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Potential Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But many of our classical textbook authors believed that derealization was an important clinical feature of major depression.”
- Also stated in: § Illustrations of the Problems Associated With Our Category Mistake · plain
“Yet, senior clinicians of earlier generations thought it was a critical feature of the depressive syndrome that reflected their patients' lived experiences.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Illustrations of the Problems Associated With Our Category Mistake
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 19 textbooks examined are representative of the Western post-Kraepelinian psychiatric tradition.
- Also stated in: § Illustrations of the Problems Associated With Our Category Mistake · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the key major depression criteria A1 and A7, DSM-5 lists three and two descriptors, respectively.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Illustrations of the Problems Associated With Our Category Mistake
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of our textbook writers considered anxiety to be a prominent and clinically important part of the presentation of major depression.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Illustrations of the Problems Associated With Our Category Mistake
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 19 textbooks examined are representative of the Western post-Kraepelinian psychiatric tradition.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of the classical textbook writers were seeing severely depressed patients in hospitals.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Potential Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, it fails to recognize the degree to which many mental health clinicians have conflated clinical evaluation and assessment of DSM criteria in our clinical work, research, and teaching.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Potential Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But meeting the DSM criteria for major depression is not the same thing as having major depression.The DSM criteria do not constitute clinically significant depression.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Conceptual Issues With Our Current Approach to DSM Criteria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Increased eating and weight gain were introduced into the Research Diagnostic Criteria (35) for major depression and carried over into all subsequent editions of DSM.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Empirical Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35] Spitzer RL, 1975
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This conceptual error has contributed to the impoverishment of psychopathology and has affected our research, clinical work, and teaching in some undesirable ways.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third and most importantly, the critique does not address the underlying conceptual problems of diagnostic literalism and reification that arise directly from our category mistake of confusing our fallible diagnostic criteria with the categories they are designed to assess.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Potential Limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, developers of diagnostic criteria are also appropriately concerned about specificity.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Illustrations of the Problems Associated With Our Category Mistake
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of us have become diagnostic literalists with respect to DSM, stymied by an excessive respect for own creation.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Consequences of Our Category Mistake
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, criteria need only to identify true cases with sufficient sensitivity and specificity, and not to reflect complete catalogs of important symptoms and signs.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But it is problematic when we focus our teaching, our clinical work, and our research solely around DSM criteria.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The presence of such validators helps illustrate the difference between indexing and constituting a disorder.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Consequences of Our Category Mistake
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By losing sight of the indexical function of our diagnostic criteria and confounding the criteria with the disorders themselves, we open the door to reification.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Consequences of Our Category Mistake
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, as noted above, the goals of those who develop diagnostic criteria are not the same as those of the textbook writers, with the former being much more concerned with brevity, reliability (and hence low inferential content), and specificity.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Potential Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We can understand why this did not make it into DSM: It is a subtle concept, time-consuming to evaluate, and perhaps of limited reliability.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Illustrations of the Problems Associated With Our Category Mistake
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is possible, although unlikely given modest symptomatic differences seen for depression in major depression as compared with bipolar illness (37), that some of the differences between the symptoms described and those listed in the DSM-5 criteria result from admixture of patients with bipolar illness.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Potential Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DSM criteria are imperfect approximations created by a very human process that, although scientifically informed, could not be claimed by any knowledgeable individual to be infallible.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Consequences of Our Category Mistake
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As illustrated by our textbook writers, these lists are too short to capture adequately the range of human experience of the mood state of depression and the range of self-derogatory/pessimistic depressive cognitions.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Illustrations of the Problems Associated With Our Category Mistake
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given our pride in our diagnosis and our lack of definitive validators, it is understandable that our field has had undergone a”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Consequences of Our Category Mistake
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A symptom could be quite clinically important, but if it is shared by many other syndromes, it would likely not make a good diagnostic criterion.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Illustrations of the Problems Associated With Our Category Mistake
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, to be practical, diagnostic criteria need to be succinct.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Illustrations of the Problems Associated With Our Category Mistake
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These criteria have been enshrined in our diagnostic algorithms and structured interviews, and are so often required by journal and grant reviewers that they approach the tokens of an orthodox faith.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Consequences of Our Category Mistake
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Textbooks are the best place to obtain expert opinion about the important symptoms and signs of depression.
“I focus initially on textbooks as the best place to obtain expert opinion about the important symptoms and signs of depression.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 19 selected textbooks are representative of the post-Kraepelinian Western psychiatric tradition circa 1900-1960.
“In total, 19 textbooks, published from 1899 to 1956 from five countries (nine from the United States, seven from the United Kingdom, and one each from Germany, France, and Switzerland), met inclusion criteria.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The textbook descriptions and Lewis's cases accurately reflect the phenomenology of depressive illness or major depression.
“I next review the phenomenology of depression described by Aubrey Lewis in what is the most detailed survey of the phenomenology of depression written in the 20th century (7).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Lewis's monograph is the most detailed survey of the phenomenology of depression written in the 20th century.
“I next review the phenomenology of depression described by Aubrey Lewis in what is the most detailed survey of the phenomenology of depression written in the 20th century (7).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 19 textbooks examined are representative of the Western post-Kraepelinian psychiatric tradition.
“The DSM symptomatic criteria for major depression do a reasonable but incomplete job of assessing the prominent clinical symptoms and signs of depressive illness as described in the Western post-Kraepelinian psychiatric tradition.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Abstract
“Eighteen symptoms and signs of depression were described, 10 of which are covered by the DSM criteria for major depression or melancholia.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Quantitative Analysis
“ten of the 18 symptoms and signs were well described by the DSM A criteria for major depression and one by a criterion for melancholia.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > CONCLUSIONS
“| Dana, 1907 (11) | Mental |”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > References
“11. Dana CL: Text-Book of Nervous Diseases and Psychiatry: For the Use of Students and Practitioners of Medicine, 6th rev and enlarged ed. New York, William Wood, 1904”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Prominent Symptoms and Signs
“Of note, only one author described neurovegetative changes in sleep, appetite, or weight as a central symptom of depression.”
§ The Phenomenology of Major Depression and the Representativeness and Nature of DSM Criteria > Empirical Conclusions
“No author noted them as key depressive symptoms.”
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“However, DSM descriptions are narrower than descriptions of MDD found in textbook literature (Kendler, 2016), and common rating scales for depression feature over 50 distinct symptoms (Fried, 2017).”
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“…through DSM-5, that various important features of major depression highlighted previously were not captured by the DSM criteria (e.g. cognitive, somatic, and psychomotor changes), while formerly devalued others were given greater emphasis (e.g. sleep, appetite, and weight problems) (Kendler, 2016).”
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“However, in a recent review paper [32], Kendler showed that the large majority of descriptions of major depression up until the 1960s included anxiety as a symptom of depression.”
BackgroundMeasurement-based Care in Psychiatry-Past, Present, and Future.
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Self-citationDSM disorders and their criteria: how should they inter-relate?
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“Highly central nodes in our results such as pessimism and hopelessness are important clinical features of depression [11, 12, 48], but neither is adequately captured by the DSM A7 criteria of excessive guilt and worthlessness [12].”
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“…MBI on the Rascovsky criteria maximizes compatibility but runs the risk of failing to include cognitive, behavioural and neuropsychiatric symptoms that are not included in the Rascovsky criteria, especially since prodromal symptoms might differ from clinically manifest symptoms of an illness 35 .”
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“Depression is a common mental disorder characterized by symptoms like persistent sadness and loss of interest (35).”
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Vigor, Effort-Related Aspects of Motivation and Anhedonia
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Decline of depressive symptoms in Europe: differential trends across the lifespan
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Memantine in neurological disorders – schizophrenia and depression
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Bech, P., Austin, S. F., & Lau, M. E. (2018) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2018.1451918 · Cited by 45
“Clinical decisions on the DSM-IV diagnosis of major depression is inherently a task for the treating clinicians, not for the patients.”
BackgroundInfluentialBore, M. C., Liu, X., Gan, X., Wang, L., Xu, T., Ferraro, S., Li, L., Zhou, B., Zhang, J., Vatansever, D., et al. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723003410 · Cited by 46
Criticisms of Kraepelin’s Psychiatric Nosology: 1896–1927
Kendler, K. S., & Engstrom, E. J. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17070730 · Cited by 43
Self-citationBalbuena, L., Bowen, R., Baetz, M., & Marwaha, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00174 · Cited by 44
“Kendler KS, Kuhn J, Prescott CA.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe clinical features of mania and their representation in modern diagnostic criteria
Kendler, K. S. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716003238 · Cited by 41
“Second, operationalized criteria for mania have changed very modestly since the Feighner criteria, in notable contrast to schizophrenia (Kendler, 2016b).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationKendler, K. S., Gardner, C. O., Neale, M. C., Aggen, S. H., Heath, A. C., Colodro‐Conde, L., Couvy‐Duchesne, B., Byrne, E. M., Martin, N. G., & Gillespie, N. A. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171800377x · Cited by 38
“These temporally dynamic features, essential to the clinical concept of MD since the late 19th century (Kraepelin, 1990; Kendler, 2016, 2017), are not assessed in typical self-report depressive symptom inventories (Fried, 2016) or in personality measures like Neuroticism.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychiatric comorbidity: a concept in need of a theory
Nordgaard, J., Nielsen, K. M., Rasmussen, A. R., & Henriksen, M. G. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723001605 · Cited by 49
The benefits of antidepressants: news or fake news?
Parker, G. B. (2018) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.98 · Cited by 35
More phenomenology in psychiatry? Applied ontology as a method towards integration
Larsen, R. R., Maschião, L. F., Piedade, V. L., Messas, G. P., & Hastings, J. (2022) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00156-0 · Cited by 39
Public epistemic trustworthiness and the integration of patients in psychiatric classification
Bueter, A. (2018) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-018-01913-z · Cited by 34
“ogy of mental disorders (e.g., Andreasen 2006; Kendler 2016; Parnas and Sass 2003), which leads to a lack of clinical utility (e.”
BackgroundKendler, K. S. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw161 · Cited by 29
Self-citationMørch, R. H., Dieset, I., Færden, A., Hope, S., Aas, M., Nerhus, M., Gardsjord, E. S., Haram, M., Falk, R. S., Joa, I., et al. (2017) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12783 · Cited by 28
“Even though we do not find significant associations between the inflammatory markers and changes in psychotic and/or affective symptoms in the present sample, inflammation may also be related to other features of severe mental disorders such as cognitive function (31) or neurovegetative symptoms like changes in sleep…”
BackgroundBreeksema, J. J., Niemeijer, A. R., Kuin, B., Veraart, J. K. E., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Kamphuis, J., van den Brink, W., & Schoevers, R. A. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06388-6 · Cited by 32
“Interestingly, detachment, or disconnection, has been called a core element of depression (Karp, 1997; Osler, 2022), and there are other similarities in how depressive and ketamine states are described, such as diminished affect; emptiness or void; and decreased selfimportance (Kendler, 2016).”
BackgroundHankin, B. L., & Griffith, J. M. (2023) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-023-00437-4 · Cited by 38
The interpersonal structure of depression
Ratcliffe, M. (2018) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668734.2018.1455729 · Cited by 26
“For instance, it has been argued that it fails to distinguish a range of importantly different predicaments (Ratcliffe, 2015), has undergone an unprincipled widening of scope (Horwitz & Wakefield, 2007), and tends to be mistakenly ‘reified’ (Kendler, 2016).”
BackgroundDirection of Dependence Between Specific Symptoms of Depression: A Non-Gaussian Approach
Velázquez, R. G., Jokela, M. M., & Rosenström, T. H. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619875410 · Cited by 24
“Depression presents with many different symptoms (Fried, 2017; Kendler, 2016), but its diagnosis is reduced to nine diagnostic criteria in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), as defined by the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013).”
Backgroundvan Zelst, D. C. R., Veltman, E. M., Rhebergen, D., Naarding, P., Kok, A. A. L., Ottenheim, N. R., & Giltay, E. J. (2022) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5787 · Cited by 23
Psychopathological dimensions and the clinician's subjective experience
Picardi, A., Pallagrosi, M., Fonzi, L., et al. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.079 · Cited by 23
Imaging genetics paradigms in depression research: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Pereira, L. P., Köhler, C. A., Stubbs, B., Miskowiak, K. W., Morris, G., de Freitas, B. P., Thompson, T., Fernandes, B. S., Brunoni, A. R., Maes, M. H. J., et al. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.05.012 · Cited by 26
“However, the search for genetic risk variants for depression has been challenging, partially due to the phenotypic heterogeneity of this syndrome that may imply distinct genetic architectures (Kendler, 2016; Mullins and Lewis, 2017).”
Lin, J., Ling, F., Huang, P., Chen, M., Song, M., Lu, K., & Wang, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.874137 · Cited by 23
Advance in Diagnosis of Depressive Disorder
Fang, Y., & Wu, Z. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9271-0_9 · Cited by 21
Moods in Clinical Depression Are More Unstable than Severe Normal Sadness
Bowen, R., Peters, E. M., Marwaha, S., Baetz, M., & Balbuena, L. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00056 · Cited by 24
“Moods in broadly defined depression would likely appear even more complex and distressing if anxiety, irritability, and psychotic symptoms were included (63).”
BackgroundTrait anhedonia is a transdiagnostic correlate of internalizing problems during adolescence
Conway, C., Li, Y. I., & Starr, L. R. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.05.004 · Cited by 24
Cai, N., Verhulst, B., Andreassen, O. A., Buitelaar, J. K., Edenberg, H. J., Hettema, J. M., Gandal, M. J., Grotzinger, A. D., Jonas, K. G., Lee, P., et al. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02878-x · Cited by 18
“DSM criteria do not, nor are they designed to, exhaustively capture the diagnostic complexity of any speci fi c disorder [63, 64].”
Self-citationA closer look at the nosological status of the highs (hypomanic symptoms) in the postpartum period
Sharma, V., Singh, P., Baczynski, C., & Khan, M. (2020) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-020-01023-1 · Cited by 20
“To rephrase Kendler (2016), we should not confuse the index of a thing (the Highs scale) with the thing (the highs) itself.”
BackgroundDelirium disorder: Unity in diversity
Oldham, C. M. (2021) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.11.007 · Cited by 20
Fried, E. I., & Haslbeck, J. M. B. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/84ske · Cited by 17
Bech, P., & Timmerby, N. (2018) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2018.1465592 · Cited by 18
“This has recently been strengthened by Kendler [10].”
ResultBitan, D. T., Grossman‐Giron, A., Alon, G., Mendlovic, S., Bloch, Y., & Segev, A. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1897-2 · Cited by 18
McPherson, S., Rost, F., Town, J. M., & Abbass, A. A. (2018) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668734.2018.1458331 · Cited by 18
“Experiences of depression will have been affected by this and there is no scientific basis for the assumption that experience of depression is a static biological phenomenon (see, for example Kendler, 2016).”
BackgroundViduani, A. C., Arenas, D. L., Benetti, S. P. D. C., Wahid, S. S., Kohrt, B. A., & Kieling, C. (2024) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2023.11.013 · Cited by 21
Alves, L. P. D. C., & da Rocha, N. S. (2018) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12636 · Cited by 19
Studying mental health problems as systems, not syndromesPreprint
Fried, E. I. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/k4mhv · Cited by 17
Tiego, J., Martin, E. A., DeYoung, C. G., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/geh6q · Cited by 17
Stewart, J. G., Singleton, P., Benau, E. M., Foti, D., Allchurch, H., Kaplan, C. S., Aguirre, B. A., & Auerbach, R. P. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000439 · Cited by 18
“For example, in one study, reduced reward-related delta predicted the onset of MDD over and above the timedomain RewP and increased the sensitivity and positive predictive value of the models (Nelson et al., 2018).”
Backgroundvan Loo, H. M., Aggen, S. H., & Kendler, K. S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.064 · Cited by 22
“This is in line with older descriptions of MD in the pre-DSM literature, in which less importance was attributed to sleep, appetite, and weight than in the DSM (Kendler, 2016).”
ResultSelf-citationde Oliveira-Júnior, B. A., Marques, D. B., Rossignoli, M. T., Prizon, T., Leite, J. P., & Ruggiero, R. N. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-59984-7 · Cited by 17
“For instance, according to the DSM-5 criteria, major depression diagnosis requires the presence of 5 out of 9 criteria, potentially resulting in two individuals sharing just 1 symptom yet receiving the same diagnosis 3 .”
Rajewska‐Rager, A., Dmitrzak‐Węglarz, M., Lepczyńska, N., Kapelski, P., Pawlak, J., Szczepankiewicz, A., Wilczynski, M., & Skibińska, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12051744 · Cited by 15
A critical evaluation of dynamical systems models of bipolar disorder
Nunes, A., Singh, S., Allman, J., Becker, S., Ortiz, A., Trappenberg, T. P., & Alda, M. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02194-4 · Cited by 14
“, the AR[1] model) [30, 39] (Cohen’s κ= 0.”
Prototypes of People With Depression
Ziano, I., & Koç, Y. (2023) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976231204035 · Cited by 14
“This is because diagnoses and diagnostic instruments are varied and unreliable (Fried et al., 2022) and should not be blindly relied on, lest we fall into “diagnostic realism” (i.e., mistaking diagnoses for syndromes) (Kendler, 2016; Kendler et al., 2011).”
BackgroundBorges-Aguiar, A. C., Schauffer, L. Z., de Kloet, E. R., & Schenberg, L. C. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.020 · Cited by 13
“Because the lack of pleasure and appetite are conspicuous symptoms of depression [61], the preference for sucrose is taken as an index of euthymia.”
The challenge of psychiatric diagnosis: Looking beyond the symptoms to the company that they keep
Duffy, A. C., Malhi, G. S., & Carlson, G. A. (2018) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12686 · Cited by 13
Extending the usefulness of the verbal memory test: The promise of machine learning
Chandler, C., Holmlund, T. B., Foltz, P. W., Cohen, A. S., & Elvevåg, B. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113743 · Cited by 13
“Currently, measurements of symptoms and signs of psychiatric disorders are often conflated with the underlying disorders themselves, but these limits must be carefully avoided in diagnostic assessment (Kendler, 2016).”
BackgroundMichal, M., Wiltink, J., Tibubos, A. N., Wild, P. S., Münzel, T. F., Lackner, K. J., Pfeiffer, N., König, J., Gieswinkel, A., Beutel, M. E., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05658-7 · Cited by 12
“However, these symptoms were frequently described as part of major depression in older textbooks of psychiatry or psychological medicine published from ∼ 1900 to 1960 [14].”
BackgroundGlucose Metabolic Abnormality: A Crosstalk between Depression and Alzheimer’s Disease
Yang, S., Li, Y., Tang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Shao, T. (2024) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/011570159x343281240912190309 · Cited by 12
“Generally, depression is defined by constant feelings of sadness and a lack of interest in activities that are usually enjoyed, and symptoms include energy loss, change in appetite, anxiety, or feelings of worthlessness [38].”
Rosenström, T. H., Fawcett, T. W., Higginson, A. D., Metsä‐Simola, N., Hagen, E. H., Houston, A. I., & Martikainen, P. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179495 · Cited by 13
“For example, Rosenstro¨m & Jokela [58] showed that the current DSM definition includes a sub-population that have no disability and therefore may represent false positive diagnoses (the symptoms they found unnecessary have not been present in many older definitions of MD [60]).”
A Multi-Dimensional Pluralist Response to the DSM-Controversies
Bueter, A. (2019) · Perspectives on Science · doi:10.1162/posc_a_00309 · Cited by 12
“For instance, several authors have argued that the operationalist criteria of the DSM do not do justice to the complex phenomenology of mental disorders (e.g., Andreasen 2006; Kendler 2016; Parnas and Sass 2003).”
BackgroundDuffy, A. C., & Grof, P. (2024) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-024-00333-y · Cited by 11
“…defaulting to a checklist approach to confirm a psychiatric diagnosis is not new and goes to the heart of the principles of evidence-based medicine (Duffy et al. 2018; Kendler 2016; ) - that is using all of the available informative evidence in the formulation of a diagnosis and treatment plan.”
BackgroundYang, J., Li, J., Zhao, S., Zhang, Y., Li, B., & Liu, X. (2024) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2024.106964 · Cited by 12
Mulc, D., Vukojević, J., Kalafatic, E., Cifrek, M., Vidović, D., & Jović, A. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25020409 · Cited by 14
Assessment of Depression in Adults and Youth
Klein, D. N. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911231167446 · Cited by 13
“…of explicit diagnostic criteria in the early 1970s (Feighner et al., 1972) and continuing to the present day, the construct of depression was narrowed by eliminating symptoms that overlapped with anxiety and somatoform disorders to maximize its distinctiveness from other diagnoses (Kendler, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialIncreasing the Role of Phenomenology in Psychiatric Diagnosis–The Clinical Staging Approach
Drożdżowicz, A. (2020) · The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine · doi:10.1093/jmp/jhaa022 · Cited by 11
“…and does not provide adequate tools for psychiatric practice and research (e.g., Parnas, Sass, and Zahavi, 2013; Kendler, 2016).5 To show that the above criticism is based on more than theoretical reflection, Kenneth Kendler (2016) provides a useful case study that illustrates the criticism.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSampson, E., Kavakbasi, E., Mills, N. T., Hori, H., Schubert, K. O., Fourrier, C., & Baune, B. T. (2024) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyad066 · Cited by 10
“…reduced ability to feel pleasure or enjoyment for usual interests and hobbies and, in more pronounced form, inability to enjoy or feel anything positive or negative or complete emotional unresponsiveness has been recognized as a core symptomatic feature in depressed individuals (Kendler, 2016).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kendler, K. S.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kendler, Kenneth S.
- ORCID
- Kendler, Kenneth S.
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2016-08-01
- Volume
- 173
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 771-780
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2346168897
- Cited by
- 255
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 153.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, melancholia, history of psychiatry, psychomotor symptoms, neurovegetative symptoms, depersonalization/derealization
- MeSH terms
- Attitude of Health Personnel, Curriculum, Major Depressive Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Education, Medical, Humans, Psychopathology, Research, Textbooks as Topic, United States, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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