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Cited by 1,132

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group Consensus Guidelines on Diagnosis and Terminology

Open access
Howes, Oliver D., McCutcheon, Rob, Agid, Ofer, de Bartolomeis, Andrea, van Beveren, Nico J.M., Birnbaum, Michael L., Bloomfield, Michael A.P., Bressan, Rodrigo A., Buchanan, Robert W., Carpenter, William T., Castle, David J., Citrome, Leslie, Daskalakis, Zafiris J., Davidson, Michael, Drake, Richard J., Dursun, Serdar, Ebdrup, Bjørn H., Elkis, Helio, Falkai, Peter, Fleischacker, W. Wolfgang, Gadelha, Ary, Gaughran, Fiona, Glenthøj, Birte Y., Graff-Guerrero, Ariel, Hallak, Jaime E.C., Honer, William G., Kennedy, James, Kinon, Bruce J., Lawrie, Stephen M., Lee, Jimmy, Leweke, F. Markus, MacCabe, James H., McNabb, Carolyn B., Meltzer, Herbert, Möller, Hans-Jürgen, Nakajima, Shinchiro, Pantelis, Christos, Reis Marques, Tiago, Remington, Gary, Rossell, Susan L., Russell, Bruce R., Siu, Cynthia O., Suzuki, Takefumi, Sommer, Iris E., Taylor, David, Thomas, Neil, Üçok, Alp, Umbricht, Daniel, Walters, James T.R., Kane, John, Correll, Christoph U.·2017·American Journal of Psychiatry
DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050503
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Research and clinical translation in schizophrenia is limited by inconsistent definitions of treatment resistance and response. To address this issue, the authors evaluated current approaches and then developed consensus criteria and guidelines. METHOD: A systematic review of randomized antipsychotic clinical trials in treatment-resistant schizophrenia was performed, and definitions of treatment resistance were extracted. Subsequently, consensus operationalized criteria were developed through 1) a multiphase, mixed methods approach, 2) identification of key criteria via an online survey, and 3) meetings to achieve consensus. RESULTS: Of 2,808 studies identified, 42 met inclusion criteria. Of these, 21 studies (50%) did not provide operationalized criteria. In the remaining studies, criteria varied considerably, particularly regarding symptom severity, prior treatment duration, and antipsychotic dosage thresholds; only two studies (5%) utilized the same criteria. The consensus group identified minimum and optimal criteria, employing the following principles: 1) current symptoms of a minimum duration and severity determined by a standardized rating scale; 2) moderate or worse functional impairment; 3) prior treatment consisting of at least two different antipsychotic trials, each for a minimum duration and dosage; 4) systematic monitoring of adherence and meeting of minimum adherence criteria; 5) ideally at least one prospective treatment trial; and 6) criteria that clearly separate responsive from treatment-resistant patients. CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable variation in current approaches to defining treatment resistance in schizophrenia. The authors present consensus guidelines that operationalize criteria for determining and reporting treatment resistance, adequate treatment, and treatment response, providing a benchmark for research and clinical translation.

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Metadata

Authors
Howes, O. D., McCutcheon, R., Agid, O., de Bartolomeis, A., van Beveren, N. J. M., Birnbaum, M. L., Bloomfield, M. A. P., Bressan, R. A., Buchanan, R. W., Carpenter, W. T., Castle, D. J., Citrome, L., Daskalakis, Z. J., Davidson, M., Drake, R. J., Dursun, S., Ebdrup, B. H., Elkis, H., Falkai, P., Fleischacker, W. W., Gadelha, A., Gaughran, F., Glenthøj, B. Y., Graff-Guerrero, A., Hallak, J. E. C., Honer, W. G., Kennedy, J., Kinon, B. J., Lawrie, S. M., Lee, J., Leweke, F. M., MacCabe, J. H., McNabb, C. B., Meltzer, H., Möller, H.-J., Nakajima, S., Pantelis, C., Reis Marques, T., Remington, G., Rossell, S. L., Russell, B. R., Siu, C. O., Suzuki, T., Sommer, I. E., Taylor, D., Thomas, N., Üçok, A., Umbricht, D., Walters, J. T. R., Kane, J., & Correll, C. U.
Venue
American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher
American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published
2017-03
Volume
174
Issue
3
Pages
216-229
ISSN
  • 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
  • 1535-7228
DOI
10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050503
OpenAlex
W2560754155
Cited by
1,132
References
15
FWCI
53.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group Consensus Guidelines on Diagnosis and Terminology. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050503
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Howes, O. D., McCutcheon, R., Agid, O., de Bartolomeis, A., van Beveren, N. J. M., Birnbaum, M. L., Bloomfield, M. A. P., Bressan, R. A., Buchanan, R. W., Carpenter, W. T., Castle, D. J., Citrome, L., Daskalakis, Z. J., Davidson, M., Drake, R. J., Dursun, S., Ebdrup, B. H., Elkis, H., Falkai, P., . . . Correll, C. U. (2017). Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group Consensus Guidelines on Diagnosis and Terminology. American Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050503

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.