The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 35 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
Objective Patients with bipolar disorder have recurrent major depression, residual mood symptoms, and limited treatment options. Building on promising pilot data, the authors conducted a 6-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of adjunctive bright light therapy at midday for bipolar depression. The aims were to determine remission rate, depression symptom level, and rate of mood polarity switch, as well as to explore sleep quality. Method The study enrolled depressed adults with bipolar I or II disorder who were receiving stable dosages of antimanic medication (excluding patients with hypomania or mania, mixed symptoms, or rapid cycling). Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either 7,000-lux bright white light or 50-lux dim red placebo light (N=23 for each group). Symptoms were assessed weekly with the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Scale With Atypical Depression Supplement (SIGH-ADS), the Mania Rating Scale, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Remission was defined as having a SIGH-ADS score of 8 or less. Results At baseline, both groups had moderate depression and no hypomanic or manic symptoms. Compared with the placebo light group, the group treated with bright white light experienced a significantly higher remission rate (68.2% compared with 22.2%; adjusted odds ratio=12.6) at weeks 4-6 and significantly lower depression scores (9.2 [SD=6.6] compared with 14.9 [SD=9.2]; adjusted β=-5.91)…
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Claims the paper makes
42 Own result · 24 Own method · 18 No full text of the sources · 11 Own interpretation · 3 Partly supported · 3 No basis given · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and produced negligible effects on circadian rhythms (16).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [16] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that longer-wavelength light is less effective than 460 nm light at suppressing melatonin, which is consistent with a weaker response to red light. But the study measured melatonin suppression, not the effect of dim red light on circadian rhythms; the Discussion says the connection between those outcomes needs further testing. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with the placebo light group, the group treated with bright white light experienced a significantly higher remission rate (68.2% compared with 22.2%; adjusted odds ratio=12.6)at weeks 4-6”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
plaindirectn = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Patients who were still actively enrolled at weeks 4-6 had fully (or nearly) completed the dose-titration protocol, and those who withdrew early also provided informative outcome data.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“significantly lower depression scores (9.2 [SD=6.6]compared with 14.9 [SD=9.2];adjusted b=-5.91) at the endpoint visit.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Patients who were still actively enrolled at weeks 4-6 had fully (or nearly) completed the dose-titration protocol, and those who withdrew early also provided informative outcome data.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At baseline, both groups had moderate depression and no hypomanic or manic symptoms.”
- Also stated in: § Clinical Measures at Randomization · plain
“at baseline patients assigned to active treatment and inactive treatment had moderate depression levels (mean SIGH-ADS scores, 24.22 and 27.70, respectively”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
plainn = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Clinical Measures at Randomization · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At baseline, both groups had moderate depression and no hypomanic or manic symptoms.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“patients in the active treatment group, compared with those in the inactive treatment group, had significantly less excessive sleep (21.7% compared with 52.2%; x 2 =4.57, df=1, p=0.033)”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The maximum dose of light therapy exposure (46.3 minutes/ day [SD=14.9]and 45.0 minutes/day [SD=17.5],for the active and inactive treatment groups, respectively), and the actual light dose per daily session reported by the patient at the endpoint visit (45.3 minutes/day [SD=16.7]and 44.0 minutes/ day [SD=17.9],respectively) did not differ significantly between groups (Table 3).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“patients in the active treatment group, compared with those in the inactive treatment group, had significantly better global functioning (GAF score, mean=74.77[SD=9.70]and mean=67.65 [SD=9.86],respectively; b=7.13, p=0.030; adjusted b=7.61, p=0.042)”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Baseline expectancy was not significantly different between groups at randomization, when the light units were dispensed.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Clinical Measures at Randomization
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the early withdrawal rate (4.3% and 21.7%, respectively; see Table 3) did not differ significantly between groups.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 33
- Probably not a substantial claim. 33
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Antidepressant monotherapy can induce hypomania and rapid cycling (3).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Clinical and research implications section reports switches into hypomania or mania during antidepressant treatment, particularly with venlafaxine. But the Method section says the antidepressants were added to mood stabilisers, not used as monotherapy, and the Rapid cycling section treats rapid cycling as an existing patient status rather than an outcome induced by treatment. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In seasonal affective disorder (27,28) and nonseasonal depression (29), the response to morning light therapy is typically attributed to the phase-resetting effects (28).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
- Partly supportedcites [28] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s opening discussion (page unavailable) says that morning light could relieve SAD through a corrective circadian phase advance, supporting the phase-resetting explanation for winter depression. Its Conclusions mention nonseasonal depression only as a subject for future study; our copy does not establish that explanation for nonseasonal depression. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The active treatment group also experienced a higher response rate, lower clinical severity, less anxiety, fewer social problems, fewer neurovegetative symptoms, and better sleep quality compared with the inactive treatment group, but the differences were not significant.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forty-five patients attended one or more postbaseline visits (median=6 visits), and 40 patients (87%) completed the study (Table 3).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Primary Outcome Measures
plainn = 40- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The active treatment group also experienced a higher response rate, lower clinical severity, less anxiety, fewer social problems, fewer neurovegetative symptoms, and better sleep quality compared with the inactive treatment group, but the differences were not significant.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep quality improved in both groups and did not differ significantly between them.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The active treatment group also experienced a higher response rate, lower clinical severity, less anxiety, fewer social problems, fewer neurovegetative symptoms, and better sleep quality compared with the inactive treatment group, but the differences were not significant.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The active treatment group also experienced a higher response rate, lower clinical severity, less anxiety, fewer social problems, fewer neurovegetative symptoms, and better sleep quality compared with the inactive treatment group, but the differences were not significant.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One patient enrolled during pregnancy; the analyses with and without her indicated no differences in outcomes.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Primary Outcome Measures
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The frequency of suicidal thoughts (23.9% for the sample) did not differ significantly between groups.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Clinical Measures at Randomization
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The active treatment group also experienced a higher response rate, lower clinical severity, less anxiety, fewer social problems, fewer neurovegetative symptoms, and better sleep quality compared with the inactive treatment group, but the differences were not significant.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The active treatment group also experienced a higher response rate, lower clinical severity, less anxiety, fewer social problems, fewer neurovegetative symptoms, and better sleep quality compared with the inactive treatment group, but the differences were not significant.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the median number of postbaseline visits (median=6 [interquartile range=6-6] for the active treatment group, compared with median=6 [interquartile range=5-6] for the inactive treatment group; U=185, p=0.003) differed significantly between groups”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients in both conditions experienced infrequent side effect worsening and, rarely, thoughts of suicide (see Tables 3 and 4).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The secondary longitudinal analyses were not significant (not reported here).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The secondary longitudinal analyses assumed fixed effects of intervention group, study week, and group-by-week interaction, and a random patient effect.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“odds ratio=7.50,95% CI=1.80, 31.28,p=0.003; adjusted odds ratio=12.64,95% CI=2.16, 74.08, p=0.004”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Expectations at endpoint were not significantly different between groups.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eligible patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to active bright white or inactive dim red light and stratified by antidepressant use with a block design (six patients per block).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We included pregnant women because light therapy presents no additional risk and nonpharmacological treatments are limited (15).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Eligibility Criteria
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We proposed to enroll two groups of 30 patients for an 80% power to detect group differences in the mean SIGH-ADS score of 2.6 points with a moderate effect size (0.37) and remission rates of 33%238% (for an odds ratio of 6.9 at an alpha of 0.05”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Power Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
plainn = 30- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We enrolled five additional patients; three had a full response, and one who had an initial partial response responded fully after transitioning to morning light.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Personnel conducting the visits and performing the clinical ratings were blind to the treatment condition to avoid allegiance effects, and they worked separately from the nonblinded personnel, who dispensed the study light boxes”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Morning light therapy induced full response in one of four patients and, unexpectedly, hypomania in the other three patients (5).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
plaindirectn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients agreed not to search for information on light box design.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“We implemented the same dosing protocol for both groups (25).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The adjusted analyses accounted for the potential confounding effects of age, time of enrollment (season), and baseline SIGH-ADS and GAF scores.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Response to light therapy is associated with sleep quality and circadian and seasonality traits, which we assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (23), the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (24), and the Personal Inventory for Depression and Seasonal Affective Disorder (10), respectively.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“At midday, bright light exposure can phase-advance and increase the amplitude of nocturnal melatonin production in healthy subjects (12) and in elderly patients with insomnia (13).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Depressed bipolar patients frequently have delayed sleep phase and atypical features (hypersomnia, hyperphagia, and lethargy), which are predictors of light therapy response (4).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We used a modified intent-to-treat approach whereby all participants were analyzed according to the group to which they were randomized.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Patients with bipolar disorder often have recurrent major depression and residual mood symptoms (1).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of the sample size and numbers per group, we did not make adjustments for multiple hypothesis tests.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Statistical Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study design elements were incorporated to mitigate unbalanced treatment expectations; therefore, we expected the observed treatment response to be related to the active light condition rather than to nonspecific effects.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We disclosed the treatment condition to patients only at the final visit and to blinded personnel and statisticians only after the analyses were completed.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Expectations can moderate outcomes, especially in clinical trials involving light therapy, which test a visible intervention (10).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The active and placebolightboxes appeared identical when not illuminated.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We stopped enrollment at 23 participants per group because funding had ended.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Power Analysis
plaindirectn = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sleep parameters (decreased awake time at night, increased sleep efficiency, and reduced wake time after sleep onset) have also been found to be improved with midday light therapy (13).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Mishima K, 2001, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because both groups had moderate levels of depression and impaired functioning, categorically, and no other demographic or clinical differences, we judged the groups to be comparable at baseline.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Most other light studies have implemented full-dose, nontitration protocols and similarly detected remission after 5 weeks for antepartum depression (15) and after 4, 6, and 8 weeks for nonseasonal depression (29).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not explore the responses in patients with or without seasonal affective disorder because subanalyses would be underpowered and would provide inconclusive results.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Block randomization should mitigate the need for seasonality adjustment.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even so, we adjusted for time of enrollment.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even so, the sample size and the final numbers per group may have constrained our capacity to detect treatment effects and contributed to the wide confidence limits in some outcome measures.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that the number of participants enrolled in February and March was unbalanced despite randomization, this actually would bias against the active intervention.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both groups titrated to the same maximum light dose and the same actual light dose at endpoint”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By examining selected outcomes within the period of weeks 4-6, we were able to consider the patients who completed the dosing protocol and likely received the appropriate exposure to light therapy”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, we were unable to consider the patients who withdrew before then, many of whom were in the placebo comparator group.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that participants had a SCID-confirmed current major depressive episode (minimum duration of 2 weeks), it is possible that the patients who enrolled in the fall and winter experienced the onset of depression weeks or months earlier and did not have a purely seasonal or winter depression.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The novel use of a dose-titration protocol, implementation of bright light therapy at midday, and the requirement for concurrent antimanic treatment mitigated the risks for emergent mania or hypomania.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By randomly assigning patients to active or placebo light therapy, the degree of seasonality distributed equally to both treatment groups, as expected.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We implemented careful design features and enrolled community-based patients with bipolar disorder to better mirror clinical practice and improve the generalizability of the results.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This implicates a vulnerability to both seasonal and nonseasonal depression, which is consistent with published reports on the phenomenology of bipolar disorder (33).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Patients with bipolar disorder are susceptible to environmental cues that alter circadian rhythms and trigger relapse.
“Patients with bipolar disorder are susceptible to environmental cues that alter circadian rhythms and trigger relapse.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Patients who were still actively enrolled at weeks 4-6 had fully (or nearly) completed the dose-titration protocol, and those who withdrew early also provided informative outcome data.
“We assumed that patients who were still actively enrolled at weeks 4-6 had fully (or nearly) completed the dose-titration protocol, and those who withdrew early also provided informative outcome data.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The secondary longitudinal analyses assumed fixed effects of intervention group, study week, and group-by-week interaction, and a random patient effect.
“we assumed fixed effects of intervention group, study week, and group-by-week interaction, and a random patient effect.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The mechanism of response to light therapy is unclear in bipolar disorder.
“However, the mechanism of response is unclear in bipolar disorder.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Concurrent antidepressant treatment is a potential source of heterogeneity.
“The inclusion of patients on concurrent antidepressant treatment was a potential source of heterogeneity”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Symptomatic remission should be expected by four to six weeks of treatment (Sit et al. 2018; Lam et al. 2020).”
From Light therapy for bipolar disorders: Clinical recommendations from the international society for bipolar disorders (ISBD) Chronobiology and Chronotherapy Task Force (2025) · cites this paper as Sit et al. 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Continued improvement can be observed after six weeks of treatment (see dose-response relationship; (Sit et al. 2018)).”
From Light therapy for bipolar disorders: Clinical recommendations from the international society for bipolar disorders (ISBD) Chronobiology and Chronotherapy Task Force (2025) · cites this paper as Sit et al. 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Only one study prospectively controlled for medication use by stratifying randomization based on whether antidepressants were used or not. 27”
From Light Therapy for Patients With Bipolar Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, BLT may enhance other dimensions of BD, such as sleep quality, cognitive performance, and anxiety (Sit et al. 2018; Takeshima et al. 2020; Bisdounis et al. 2022).”
From Light therapy for bipolar disorders: Clinical recommendations from the international society for bipolar disorders (ISBD) Chronobiology and Chronotherapy Task Force (2025) · cites this paper as Sit et al. 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There were 3 studies with light intensities≤5000 lux,2 cohort studies [52,53], and 1 RCT [54]. Only the cohort study results were assessed.”
From Bright light therapy in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that normalizing disrupted circadian rhythms with midday bright light therapy can resolve episodes of bipolar depression, whereas morning bright light therapy to treat depression in BP patients can induce mixed states126,127.”
From Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [127]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Five studies used morning timing for light exposure, one study used mid-day timing, 27 and one used both morning and evening timing. 26”
From Light Therapy for Patients With Bipolar Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The durations of follow-up in these studies were also short, with only two studies using a more typical acute treatment follow up of 6-8 weeks. 27,30”
From Light Therapy for Patients With Bipolar Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“six studies 25-29,31 did not observe any switches in either active light or control conditions”
From Light Therapy for Patients With Bipolar Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the study by Sit et al. (2018) showed that the response rate and remission rate in the control group with exposure to light intensity of only 50 lux for 15‐60min were 50.0% and 22.2%, respectively.”
From Adjunctive bright light therapy for treating bipolar depression: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (2020) · cites this paper as Sit et al., 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This study suggested that low intensity light might have therapeutic effect for treating bipolar depression although it was weaker than that in BLT (Sit et al., 2018).”
From Adjunctive bright light therapy for treating bipolar depression: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (2020) · cites this paper as Sit et al., 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A total of 3618 related publications were initially retrieved. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 were selected after screening [52–63].”
From Bright light therapy in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A total of 7 articles used auxiliary measures: 6 cohort studies [46–49,52–53] and 1 RCT [51].”
From Bright light therapy in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“A total of 7 cohort studies were included [46–49,52,53,55], and a sensitivity analysis was conducted because of the high heterogeneity. This decreased after omitting Sikkens et al. (I2 = 26%, P = 0.24).”
From Bright light therapy in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Even though only Sit et al21 matched our inclusion criteria when compared with the studies included in the referred study”
From Bright Light Therapy for Nonseasonal Depressive Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
Citations
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Items 101–179 of 179
Light Therapy and Risk of Hypomania, Mania, or Mixed State Emergence: Response to Benedetti et al.
Sit, D. K. Y., Terman, M., & Wisner, K. L. (2018) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18020231r · Cited by 7
Self-citationLight therapy for seasonal affective disorder in visual impairment and blindness – a pilot study
Madsen, H. Ø., Ba‐Ali, S., Hageman, I., Lund‐Andersen, H., & Martiny, K. (2021) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2021.6 · Cited by 6
Is the Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation a Core Pathogenetic Mechanism of Bipolar Disorder?
Lee, H. (2018) · 신경정신의학 · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2018.57.4.276 · Cited by 5
Psychopharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics for Bipolar Depression
Jha, M. K., & Murrough, J. W. (2019) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20190009 · Cited by 5
Unmet Needs in Psychiatry: Bipolar Depression
Baldessarini, R. J., Tondo, L., & Vázquez, G. H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42637-8_4 · Cited by 5
Circadian neuromarkers of mood disorders
Agnorelli, C., & Fagiolini, A. M. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100384 · Cited by 6
Huang, S.-Y., Koo, M., Hsieh, T., Lee, R., & Sung, H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17217763 · Cited by 5
“BLT has been explored for the management of depression associated with various conditions, such as non-seasonal depression [19,21], sleep disorders [22], bipolar disorder [23], pregnancy [24], and cancer [25].”
BackgroundIrregular sleep–wake rhythm disorder: From the pathophysiologic perspective to the treatment
Videnović, A., & Cai, A. (2025) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90918-1.00006-x · Cited by 4
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Efficacy and safety of bright light therapy for bipolar depression.
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“,(8) and Sit et al.(9) (see details in Fig.”
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“Finally, a few studies have employed light loggers in clinical settings to monitor compliance with prescribed light regimes (Sit et al., 2018) or in occupational health to assess whether employees meet target light levels during working hours (Peeters et al., 2020).”
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“Conversely, another randomized controlled trial in bipolar disorder reported that despite signi fi cant improvement in depressive symptoms in the bright light therapy group compared with the placebo group, the enhancement in sleep quality did not differ signi fi cantly [33].”
Lighting Intervention with Different Colors on Emotion: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis
Zhou, L., Fu, T., Miao, W., & Lin, Y. (2023) · China International Forum on Solid State Lighting & International Forum on Wide Bandgap Semiconductors China (SSLChina: IFWS) · doi:10.1109/sslchinaifws57942.2023.10071137 · Cited by 2
“In clinical studies of bright light therapy (BLT), red light is usually used as a control group for strong white light [8, 9].”
BackgroundAdolescent nonpharmacological interventions for early-life stress and their mechanisms
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Chronobiologic treatments for mood disorders
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Non-Medicamentous Spa Treatment of Mental Disorders
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Stuck in time: The slow march of circadian medicine and how to speed it up
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“Beyond SAD, light therapy has been explored for other mood disorders, including non-seasonal depression and bipolar depression (Even et al., 2008; Geoffroy et al., 2019; Menegaz de Almeida et al., 2025; Sit et al., 2018).”
Circadian Rhythms in Patients with Bipolar Disorder
Zimerman, A., Zimmer, C., Montezano, B. B., & Passos, I. C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85519-1_13 · Cited by 2
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Astrocytes in the Circadian System: A Promising Target for Mood Disorder Interventions
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Fact-checking chronotherapeutic research: Commentary on Bisdounis, et al. (2022)
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Smartphone-Based Bioelectric Coherence Index for Mental Health Diagnostics: A Digital Twin StudyPreprint
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“Modern smartphones contain sophisticated sensors capable of measuring environmental light exposure, detecting movement patterns, and capturing pupillary responses through front-facing cameras [12,13].”
Prise en charge médicamenteuse de la dépression bipolaire (recommandations internationales)
Jaffré, C., Vinckier, F., & Henry, C. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-77180-4.00046-9
Noontime Light for Bipolar Depression
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Lichttherapie wirkt auch bei Manisch-Depressiven
Müller, T. (2018) · CME · doi:10.1007/s11298-018-6477-8
Do We Use Artificial Light Appropriately?
Lee, H. (2018) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2018.12.14
Response to ‘Efficacy and safety of bright light therapy for bipolar depression’
Takeshima, M., Utsumi, T., Aoki, Y., Wang, Z., Suzuki, M., Okajima, I., Watanabe, N., Watanabe, K., & Takaesu, Y. (2020) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13010
“We judged the study conducted by Sit et al.(7) as having a low risk of bias in blinding of participants and personnel, because the study had a doubleblind design and because the details of the blinding method were well described compared to other studies (e.”
MethodSabbah, S., Worden, M. S., Laniado, D. D., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.316943
Evidence-Based Principles for Bipolar Disorder Treatment
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Diagnosis and treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression in the early stage
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Delivery of bright light therapy within the Veterans Health Administration
Reis, D. J., Schneider, A. L., King, S. E., Forster, J. E., & Bahraini, N. H. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.049
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Psychopharmacology for Pediatric Bipolar Disorder
Hobbs, E., Reed, R., Dorfman, J., & Robb, A. S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-57472-6_17
(2018) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378630.bm01
Chapter 34. Seasonal Affective Disorder and Light Therapy
(2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379620.lg34
Chapter 12. Reproductive-Age Women With Bipolar II Disorder
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Self-citationChapter 6. Stabilization Forces: Prescribing in the Context of Bipolar Disorder
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Chapter 15. Bipolar Disorder and Related Disorders
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Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders
Manber, R., Dietch, J. R., Gumport, N. B., & Simpson, N. S. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197602751.013.28
Lightbox therapy for college students’ depressive symptoms: a pilot study
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“38 Another clinical trial involving the use of LT for inpatient adolescents showed that two weeks of LT resulted in notable improvements in both sleep quality and depressive symptoms.”
No-pharmacological treatments for mood disorders
Vázquez, G. H. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33580-8.00003-9
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“43 44 Continuous positive airway pressure To ensure consistency in the administration and measurement of therapy, a single CPAP device model will be used throughout the study: the S. BOX system (SEFAM, Villers- lès-Nancy, France).”
The Role of Biological Rhythms Disruption in Latent Bipolar Disorder
Oliveira, M. A. B., Richter, D., & Rosa, A. R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-01297-5_11
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Potentialisation de la réponse antidépressive par la lumière : étude préclinique
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Chronotherapy in the Treatment of Major Depression
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Light Exposure as a Modifiable Determinant of Mental Health
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“Since then, light therapy has been investigated across a range of mood disorders, including non-seasonal major depressive disorder, bipolar depression and perinatal depression [38, 39].”
Higher Daytime Light Exposure Predicts Lower Risk of Gastrointestinal Cancer Incidence and Mortality
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“Often, sleep is only assessed at baseline and post-treatment or includes limited intermediate assessments, implicitly assuming that sleep improvements occur as relatively uniform shifts across the treatment period (e.g., [26–29]).”
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“24”
Acute and cumulative light exposure differentially influence mood in healthy adultsPreprint
Roddis, C., Didikoğlu, A., Ebrahimi, A. S., Gillespie, A. L., Harmer, C. J., Baño‐Otálora, B., & Milosavljevic, N. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.07.31.742017
“Bright light therapy is an established treatment for seasonal depression and has also shown efficacy in non-seasonal, bipolar, and perinatal depression, demonstrating that appropriately timed light can causally influence mood in clinical populations (10 – 12, 14, 78, 79).”
Biological Non-pharmacological Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
Song, M., & Lee, J. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-92-1323-8_15
Romo‐Nava, F., Burgess, H. J., Blom, T. J., Cao, X., Williamson, B., Georgiev, G., Stoddard, J., Goertemoeller, M., Fu, J., Mori, N. N., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10684280/v1
“Research staff not involved in clinical ratings prepared, recoded, and concealed light boxes from raters to ensure successful masking 77 .”
Baldini, V., Pasquino, F., Iannucci, F., Venezia, N., Ronchi, D. D., Plazzi, G., Pelizza, L., & Menchetti, M. (2026) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.70179
“In contrast, Sit et al. [22] observed non-significant trends toward better sleep quality in participants exposed to 7,000 lx light.”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Sit, D. K., McGowan, J., Wiltrout, C., Diler, R. S., Dills, J. (., Luther, J., Yang, A., Ciolino, J. D., Seltman, H., Wisniewski, S. R., Terman, M., & Wisner, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Department of Preventive Medicine–Biostatistics Division, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh; the Epidemiological Data Center, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; the Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh; and the...
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2018-02-01
- Volume
- 175
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 131-139
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2762262043
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 22
- FWCI
- 15.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k23mh082114-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23 MH-082114)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- bright light therapy, bipolar depression, bipolar disorder, sleep quality, antidepressant efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bipolar Disorder, Combined Modality Therapy, Depression, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phototherapy, Sleep, Odds Ratio, Treatment Outcome, Antimanic Agents
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