The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 35 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
Objective Patients with bipolar disorder have recurrent major depression, residual mood symptoms, and limited treatment options. Building on promising pilot data, the authors conducted a 6-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of adjunctive bright light therapy at midday for bipolar depression. The aims were to determine remission rate, depression symptom level, and rate of mood polarity switch, as well as to explore sleep quality. Method The study enrolled depressed adults with bipolar I or II disorder who were receiving stable dosages of antimanic medication (excluding patients with hypomania or mania, mixed symptoms, or rapid cycling). Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either 7,000-lux bright white light or 50-lux dim red placebo light (N=23 for each group). Symptoms were assessed weekly with the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Scale With Atypical Depression Supplement (SIGH-ADS), the Mania Rating Scale, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Remission was defined as having a SIGH-ADS score of 8 or less. Results At baseline, both groups had moderate depression and no hypomanic or manic symptoms. Compared with the placebo light group, the group treated with bright white light experienced a significantly higher remission rate (68.2% compared with 22.2%; adjusted odds ratio=12.6) at weeks 4-6 and significantly lower depression scores (9.2 [SD=6.6] compared with 14.9 [SD=9.2]; adjusted β=-5.91)…
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Claims the paper makes
42 Own result · 24 Own method · 18 No full text of the sources · 11 Own interpretation · 3 Partly supported · 3 No basis given · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and produced negligible effects on circadian rhythms (16).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [16] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that longer-wavelength light is less effective than 460 nm light at suppressing melatonin, which is consistent with a weaker response to red light. But the study measured melatonin suppression, not the effect of dim red light on circadian rhythms; the Discussion says the connection between those outcomes needs further testing. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with the placebo light group, the group treated with bright white light experienced a significantly higher remission rate (68.2% compared with 22.2%; adjusted odds ratio=12.6)at weeks 4-6”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
plaindirectn = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Patients who were still actively enrolled at weeks 4-6 had fully (or nearly) completed the dose-titration protocol, and those who withdrew early also provided informative outcome data.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“significantly lower depression scores (9.2 [SD=6.6]compared with 14.9 [SD=9.2];adjusted b=-5.91) at the endpoint visit.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Patients who were still actively enrolled at weeks 4-6 had fully (or nearly) completed the dose-titration protocol, and those who withdrew early also provided informative outcome data.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At baseline, both groups had moderate depression and no hypomanic or manic symptoms.”
- Also stated in: § Clinical Measures at Randomization · plain
“at baseline patients assigned to active treatment and inactive treatment had moderate depression levels (mean SIGH-ADS scores, 24.22 and 27.70, respectively”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
plainn = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Clinical Measures at Randomization · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At baseline, both groups had moderate depression and no hypomanic or manic symptoms.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“patients in the active treatment group, compared with those in the inactive treatment group, had significantly less excessive sleep (21.7% compared with 52.2%; x 2 =4.57, df=1, p=0.033)”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The maximum dose of light therapy exposure (46.3 minutes/ day [SD=14.9]and 45.0 minutes/day [SD=17.5],for the active and inactive treatment groups, respectively), and the actual light dose per daily session reported by the patient at the endpoint visit (45.3 minutes/day [SD=16.7]and 44.0 minutes/ day [SD=17.9],respectively) did not differ significantly between groups (Table 3).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“patients in the active treatment group, compared with those in the inactive treatment group, had significantly better global functioning (GAF score, mean=74.77[SD=9.70]and mean=67.65 [SD=9.86],respectively; b=7.13, p=0.030; adjusted b=7.61, p=0.042)”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Baseline expectancy was not significantly different between groups at randomization, when the light units were dispensed.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Clinical Measures at Randomization
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the early withdrawal rate (4.3% and 21.7%, respectively; see Table 3) did not differ significantly between groups.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 33
- Probably not a substantial claim. 33
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Antidepressant monotherapy can induce hypomania and rapid cycling (3).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Clinical and research implications section reports switches into hypomania or mania during antidepressant treatment, particularly with venlafaxine. But the Method section says the antidepressants were added to mood stabilisers, not used as monotherapy, and the Rapid cycling section treats rapid cycling as an existing patient status rather than an outcome induced by treatment. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In seasonal affective disorder (27,28) and nonseasonal depression (29), the response to morning light therapy is typically attributed to the phase-resetting effects (28).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
- Partly supportedcites [28] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s opening discussion (page unavailable) says that morning light could relieve SAD through a corrective circadian phase advance, supporting the phase-resetting explanation for winter depression. Its Conclusions mention nonseasonal depression only as a subject for future study; our copy does not establish that explanation for nonseasonal depression. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The active treatment group also experienced a higher response rate, lower clinical severity, less anxiety, fewer social problems, fewer neurovegetative symptoms, and better sleep quality compared with the inactive treatment group, but the differences were not significant.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forty-five patients attended one or more postbaseline visits (median=6 visits), and 40 patients (87%) completed the study (Table 3).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Primary Outcome Measures
plainn = 40- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The active treatment group also experienced a higher response rate, lower clinical severity, less anxiety, fewer social problems, fewer neurovegetative symptoms, and better sleep quality compared with the inactive treatment group, but the differences were not significant.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep quality improved in both groups and did not differ significantly between them.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The active treatment group also experienced a higher response rate, lower clinical severity, less anxiety, fewer social problems, fewer neurovegetative symptoms, and better sleep quality compared with the inactive treatment group, but the differences were not significant.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The active treatment group also experienced a higher response rate, lower clinical severity, less anxiety, fewer social problems, fewer neurovegetative symptoms, and better sleep quality compared with the inactive treatment group, but the differences were not significant.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One patient enrolled during pregnancy; the analyses with and without her indicated no differences in outcomes.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Primary Outcome Measures
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The frequency of suicidal thoughts (23.9% for the sample) did not differ significantly between groups.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Clinical Measures at Randomization
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The active treatment group also experienced a higher response rate, lower clinical severity, less anxiety, fewer social problems, fewer neurovegetative symptoms, and better sleep quality compared with the inactive treatment group, but the differences were not significant.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The active treatment group also experienced a higher response rate, lower clinical severity, less anxiety, fewer social problems, fewer neurovegetative symptoms, and better sleep quality compared with the inactive treatment group, but the differences were not significant.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the median number of postbaseline visits (median=6 [interquartile range=6-6] for the active treatment group, compared with median=6 [interquartile range=5-6] for the inactive treatment group; U=185, p=0.003) differed significantly between groups”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients in both conditions experienced infrequent side effect worsening and, rarely, thoughts of suicide (see Tables 3 and 4).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The secondary longitudinal analyses were not significant (not reported here).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The secondary longitudinal analyses assumed fixed effects of intervention group, study week, and group-by-week interaction, and a random patient effect.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“odds ratio=7.50,95% CI=1.80, 31.28,p=0.003; adjusted odds ratio=12.64,95% CI=2.16, 74.08, p=0.004”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Expectations at endpoint were not significantly different between groups.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Secondary Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eligible patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to active bright white or inactive dim red light and stratified by antidepressant use with a block design (six patients per block).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We included pregnant women because light therapy presents no additional risk and nonpharmacological treatments are limited (15).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Eligibility Criteria
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We proposed to enroll two groups of 30 patients for an 80% power to detect group differences in the mean SIGH-ADS score of 2.6 points with a moderate effect size (0.37) and remission rates of 33%238% (for an odds ratio of 6.9 at an alpha of 0.05”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Power Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
plainn = 30- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We enrolled five additional patients; three had a full response, and one who had an initial partial response responded fully after transitioning to morning light.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Personnel conducting the visits and performing the clinical ratings were blind to the treatment condition to avoid allegiance effects, and they worked separately from the nonblinded personnel, who dispensed the study light boxes”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Morning light therapy induced full response in one of four patients and, unexpectedly, hypomania in the other three patients (5).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
plaindirectn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients agreed not to search for information on light box design.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“We implemented the same dosing protocol for both groups (25).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The adjusted analyses accounted for the potential confounding effects of age, time of enrollment (season), and baseline SIGH-ADS and GAF scores.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Response to light therapy is associated with sleep quality and circadian and seasonality traits, which we assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (23), the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (24), and the Personal Inventory for Depression and Seasonal Affective Disorder (10), respectively.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“At midday, bright light exposure can phase-advance and increase the amplitude of nocturnal melatonin production in healthy subjects (12) and in elderly patients with insomnia (13).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Depressed bipolar patients frequently have delayed sleep phase and atypical features (hypersomnia, hyperphagia, and lethargy), which are predictors of light therapy response (4).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We used a modified intent-to-treat approach whereby all participants were analyzed according to the group to which they were randomized.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Patients with bipolar disorder often have recurrent major depression and residual mood symptoms (1).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of the sample size and numbers per group, we did not make adjustments for multiple hypothesis tests.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Statistical Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study design elements were incorporated to mitigate unbalanced treatment expectations; therefore, we expected the observed treatment response to be related to the active light condition rather than to nonspecific effects.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We disclosed the treatment condition to patients only at the final visit and to blinded personnel and statisticians only after the analyses were completed.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Expectations can moderate outcomes, especially in clinical trials involving light therapy, which test a visible intervention (10).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The active and placebolightboxes appeared identical when not illuminated.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Procedures
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We stopped enrollment at 23 participants per group because funding had ended.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Power Analysis
plaindirectn = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sleep parameters (decreased awake time at night, increased sleep efficiency, and reduced wake time after sleep onset) have also been found to be improved with midday light therapy (13).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Mishima K, 2001, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because both groups had moderate levels of depression and impaired functioning, categorically, and no other demographic or clinical differences, we judged the groups to be comparable at baseline.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Most other light studies have implemented full-dose, nontitration protocols and similarly detected remission after 5 weeks for antepartum depression (15) and after 4, 6, and 8 weeks for nonseasonal depression (29).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not explore the responses in patients with or without seasonal affective disorder because subanalyses would be underpowered and would provide inconclusive results.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Block randomization should mitigate the need for seasonality adjustment.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even so, we adjusted for time of enrollment.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even so, the sample size and the final numbers per group may have constrained our capacity to detect treatment effects and contributed to the wide confidence limits in some outcome measures.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that the number of participants enrolled in February and March was unbalanced despite randomization, this actually would bias against the active intervention.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both groups titrated to the same maximum light dose and the same actual light dose at endpoint”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By examining selected outcomes within the period of weeks 4-6, we were able to consider the patients who completed the dosing protocol and likely received the appropriate exposure to light therapy”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, we were unable to consider the patients who withdrew before then, many of whom were in the placebo comparator group.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that participants had a SCID-confirmed current major depressive episode (minimum duration of 2 weeks), it is possible that the patients who enrolled in the fall and winter experienced the onset of depression weeks or months earlier and did not have a purely seasonal or winter depression.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The novel use of a dose-titration protocol, implementation of bright light therapy at midday, and the requirement for concurrent antimanic treatment mitigated the risks for emergent mania or hypomania.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By randomly assigning patients to active or placebo light therapy, the degree of seasonality distributed equally to both treatment groups, as expected.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We implemented careful design features and enrolled community-based patients with bipolar disorder to better mirror clinical practice and improve the generalizability of the results.”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This implicates a vulnerability to both seasonal and nonseasonal depression, which is consistent with published reports on the phenomenology of bipolar disorder (33).”
§ Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Patients with bipolar disorder are susceptible to environmental cues that alter circadian rhythms and trigger relapse.
“Patients with bipolar disorder are susceptible to environmental cues that alter circadian rhythms and trigger relapse.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Patients who were still actively enrolled at weeks 4-6 had fully (or nearly) completed the dose-titration protocol, and those who withdrew early also provided informative outcome data.
“We assumed that patients who were still actively enrolled at weeks 4-6 had fully (or nearly) completed the dose-titration protocol, and those who withdrew early also provided informative outcome data.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The secondary longitudinal analyses assumed fixed effects of intervention group, study week, and group-by-week interaction, and a random patient effect.
“we assumed fixed effects of intervention group, study week, and group-by-week interaction, and a random patient effect.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The mechanism of response to light therapy is unclear in bipolar disorder.
“However, the mechanism of response is unclear in bipolar disorder.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Concurrent antidepressant treatment is a potential source of heterogeneity.
“The inclusion of patients on concurrent antidepressant treatment was a potential source of heterogeneity”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Symptomatic remission should be expected by four to six weeks of treatment (Sit et al. 2018; Lam et al. 2020).”
From Light therapy for bipolar disorders: Clinical recommendations from the international society for bipolar disorders (ISBD) Chronobiology and Chronotherapy Task Force (2025) · cites this paper as Sit et al. 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Continued improvement can be observed after six weeks of treatment (see dose-response relationship; (Sit et al. 2018)).”
From Light therapy for bipolar disorders: Clinical recommendations from the international society for bipolar disorders (ISBD) Chronobiology and Chronotherapy Task Force (2025) · cites this paper as Sit et al. 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Only one study prospectively controlled for medication use by stratifying randomization based on whether antidepressants were used or not. 27”
From Light Therapy for Patients With Bipolar Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, BLT may enhance other dimensions of BD, such as sleep quality, cognitive performance, and anxiety (Sit et al. 2018; Takeshima et al. 2020; Bisdounis et al. 2022).”
From Light therapy for bipolar disorders: Clinical recommendations from the international society for bipolar disorders (ISBD) Chronobiology and Chronotherapy Task Force (2025) · cites this paper as Sit et al. 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There were 3 studies with light intensities≤5000 lux,2 cohort studies [52,53], and 1 RCT [54]. Only the cohort study results were assessed.”
From Bright light therapy in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that normalizing disrupted circadian rhythms with midday bright light therapy can resolve episodes of bipolar depression, whereas morning bright light therapy to treat depression in BP patients can induce mixed states126,127.”
From Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [127]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Five studies used morning timing for light exposure, one study used mid-day timing, 27 and one used both morning and evening timing. 26”
From Light Therapy for Patients With Bipolar Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The durations of follow-up in these studies were also short, with only two studies using a more typical acute treatment follow up of 6-8 weeks. 27,30”
From Light Therapy for Patients With Bipolar Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“six studies 25-29,31 did not observe any switches in either active light or control conditions”
From Light Therapy for Patients With Bipolar Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the study by Sit et al. (2018) showed that the response rate and remission rate in the control group with exposure to light intensity of only 50 lux for 15‐60min were 50.0% and 22.2%, respectively.”
From Adjunctive bright light therapy for treating bipolar depression: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (2020) · cites this paper as Sit et al., 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This study suggested that low intensity light might have therapeutic effect for treating bipolar depression although it was weaker than that in BLT (Sit et al., 2018).”
From Adjunctive bright light therapy for treating bipolar depression: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (2020) · cites this paper as Sit et al., 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A total of 3618 related publications were initially retrieved. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 were selected after screening [52–63].”
From Bright light therapy in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A total of 7 articles used auxiliary measures: 6 cohort studies [46–49,52–53] and 1 RCT [51].”
From Bright light therapy in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“A total of 7 cohort studies were included [46–49,52,53,55], and a sensitivity analysis was conducted because of the high heterogeneity. This decreased after omitting Sikkens et al. (I2 = 26%, P = 0.24).”
From Bright light therapy in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [53]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Even though only Sit et al21 matched our inclusion criteria when compared with the studies included in the referred study”
From Bright Light Therapy for Nonseasonal Depressive Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
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Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health
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“, 2016) and four subsequent randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (Sit et al., 2017; Yorguner Kupeli et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMethodA Visual Circuit Related to Habenula Underlies the Antidepressive Effects of Light Therapy
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“A recent randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial for investigating the efficacy of light therapy revealed that bright light therapy was effective in improving the depressive symptoms and did not increase the risk of manic switch in depressive BD patients.(60) Dark therapy aims to synchronize the circadian rhy…”
BackgroundGottlieb, J. F., Benedetti, F., Geoffroy, P. A., Henriksen, T. E. G., Lam, R. W., Murray, G., Phelps, J., Sit, D., Swartz, H. A., Crowe, M., et al. (2019) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12847 · Cited by 196
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Biological rhythms and chronotherapeutics in depression
Geoffroy, P. A., & Palagini, L. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110158 · Cited by 127
Ortega, M. A., Álvarez-Mon, M. Á., Montero, C. G., Fraile‐Μartinez, O., Monserrat, J., Martinez-Rozas, L., Rodríguez–Jiménez, R., Álvarez‐Mon, M., & Lahera, G. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-01964-w · Cited by 137
“Similarly, midday bright light has been proposed, which has already shown ef fi cacy in increasing remission rates in BD [352].”
BackgroundCircadian rhythm and disease: Relationship, new insights, and future perspectives
Neves, A. R., Albuquerque, T., Quintela, T., & Costa, D. R. B. (2022) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.30815 · Cited by 128
Bright light as a personalized precision treatment of mood disorders
Maruani, J., & Geoffroy, P. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00085 · Cited by 112
Faulkner, S., Bee, P., Meyer, N., Dijk, D., & Drake, R. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.04.012 · Cited by 111
Treating Circadian Rhythm Disruption in Bipolar Disorder
Gold, A. K., & Kinrys, G. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1001-8 · Cited by 102
Geoffroy, P. A., Schroder, C. M., Reynaud, E., & Bourgin, P. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101213 · Cited by 100
Treatment of Peripartum Bipolar Disorder
Clark, C. T., & Wisner, K. L. (2018) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2018.05.002 · Cited by 98
Self-citationSingh, B., Swartz, H. A., Barboza, A. B. C., Schaffer, A., Kato, T., Dols, A., Sperry, S. H., Vassilev, A. B., Burdick, K. E., & Frye, M. A. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01140-7 · Cited by 106
Zhang, Z., Zhang, H., Xie, C., Zhang, M., Shi, Y., Song, R., Lu, X., Zhang, H., Li, K., Wang, B., et al. (2020) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1730-5 · Cited by 88
Advances toward precision medicine for bipolar disorder: mechanisms & molecules
Haggarty, S. J., Karmacharya, R., & Perlis, R. H. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0831-4 · Cited by 81
“Most notably, exposure to morning bright light treatment for BPD depression, often as an adjunct to mood stabilizers, has been repeatedly shown to be efficacious and safe, including in two recent randomized placebo-controlled trials, as well as with studies that have extended the time period of efficacy of bright ligh…”
BackgroundFountoulakis, K. Ν., Yatham, L. N., Grunze, H., Vieta, E., Young, A. H., Blier, P., Tohen, M. F., Kasper, S. F., & Moeller, H. J. (2019) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyz064 · Cited by 81
Lam, R. W., Teng, M. Y., Jung, Y.-E., Evans, V. C., Gottlieb, J. F., Chakrabarty, T., Michalak, E. E., Murphy, J. K., Yatham, L. N., & Sit, D. K. (2020) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743719892471 · Cited by 70
“The durations of follow-up in these studies were also short, with only two studies using a more typical acute treatment follow up of 6–8 weeks.(27,30) Given the cyclical nature of BD, future studies will need to provide longer follow-up periods for acute light treatment.”
MethodSelf-citationMadireddy, S., & Madireddy, S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23031844 · Cited by 76
Codoñer‐Franch, P., Gombert, M., Martínez-Raga, J., & Cénit, M. C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24087579 · Cited by 74
“In addition, a randomized placebocontrolled clinical trial revealed that midday bright light therapy can resolve episodes of bipolar depression, thus again supporting that circadian health is a therapeutic target for BD [78].”
BackgroundHirakawa, H., Terao, T., Muronaga, M., & Ishii, N. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1876 · Cited by 61
“The four included studies contained a total of 190 patients (Dauphinais et al., 2012; Sit et al., 2018; Yorguner Kupeli et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialOutdoor daylight exposure and longer sleep promote wellbeing under COVID‐19 mandated restrictions
Korman, M., Tkachev, V., Reis, C., Komada, Y., Kitamura, S., Gubin, D. G., Kumar, V., & Roenneberg, T. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13471 · Cited by 57
“A 1- hr morning walk in the open air can improve mood in SAD, as well as the conventional artificial bright light therapy (Wirz- Justice et al., 1996).”
BackgroundProspects for circadian treatment of mood disorders
Hühne-Landgraf, A., Welsh, D. K., & Landgraf, D. (2018) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2018.1530449 · Cited by 57
“For example, a recent randomized, controlled 6 week trial of 7000 lux bright light in midday improved sleep and mood in BD, with no manic switches [132].”
BackgroundEfficacy of bright light therapy in bipolar depression
Yorguner Kupeli, N., Bulut, N. S., Carkaxhiu Bulut, G., Kurt, E., & Kora, K. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.020 · Cited by 51
Bauer, M. S. (2022) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/aitc202207190 · Cited by 57
Lifestyle interventions for bipolar disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Simjanoski, M., Patel, S., Boni, R. B. D., Balanzá‐Martínez, V., Frey, B. N., Minuzzi, L., Kapczinski, F. P., & Cardoso, T. D. A. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105257 · Cited by 47
Bright Light Therapy for Nonseasonal Depressive Disorders
Menegaz de Almeida, A., Aquino de Moraes, F. C., Cavalcanti Souza, M. E., Cavalcanti Orestes Cardoso, J. H., Tamashiro, F., Miranda, C., Fernandes, L., Kreuz, M., & Alves Kelly, F. (2025) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2871 · Cited by 47
Chan, J. W., Lam, S., Li, S. X., Chau, S. W., Chan, S., Chan, N., Zhang, J., & Wing, Y. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720003232 · Cited by 47
“Two recent randomized controlled trials also showed that light treatment resulted in a higher remission of depressive symptoms in patients with non-seasonal depression (Lam et al., 2016; Sit et al., 2018).”
BackgroundD'Agostino, A., Ferrara, P., Terzoni, S., Ostinelli, E. G., Carrara, C., Prunas, C., Gambini, O., & Destrebecq, A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.026 · Cited by 47
Light exposure at night and sleep quality in bipolar disorder: the APPLE cohort study
Esaki, Y., Kitajima, T., Obayashi, K., Saeki, K., Fujita, K., & Iwata, N. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.031 · Cited by 45
Multi-Level Processes and Retina–Brain Pathways of Photic Regulation of Mood
Maruani, J., & Geoffroy, P. A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11020448 · Cited by 52
“It was indeed suggested by past observations that light effects on circadian rhythm did not correlate well with antidepressant efficacy, as confirmed for instance by an observed efficacy even when LT was administered at midday [7,8].”
BackgroundSNAP-25 in Major Psychiatric Disorders: A Review.
Najera, K., Fagan, B. M., & Thompson, P. M. (2019) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.02.008 · Cited by 43
Takeshima, M., Utsumi, T., Aoki, Y., Wang, Z., Suzuki, M., Okajima, I., Watanabe, N., Watanabe, K., & Takaesu, Y. (2020) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12976 · Cited by 43
“Three RCT reported remission rates from depressive episodes after BLT as the primary study outcome.(17,20,32) Remission rates from depressive episodes in two other studies were calculated by using depressive symptom scores.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialZhang, D., Shen, Q., Wu, X., & Xing, D. (2021) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2021/6678276 · Cited by 46
Rate of switch from bipolar depression into mania after morning light therapy: A historical review
Benedetti, F. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.013 · Cited by 39
ADHD 24/7: Circadian clock genes, chronotherapy and sleep/wake cycle insufficiencies in ADHD
Korman, M., Palm, D., Uzoni, A., Faltraco, F., Tucha, O. M., Thome, J., & Coogan, A. N. (2018) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2018.1523565 · Cited by 43
“…LT studies: dim red light (as opposed to bright blue light), differently timed light (evening vs morning), an inert placebo (a light box emitting no visible light) or an inert (deactivated) negative ion generator (for examples see Chojnacka et al. 2016; Eastman et al. 1998; Sit et al. 2018).”
BackgroundPreventive effect of morning light exposure on relapse into depressive episode in bipolar disorder
Esaki, Y., Obayashi, K., Saeki, K., Fujita, K., Iwata, N., & Kitajima, T. (2021) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13287 · Cited by 40
Light affects behavioral despair involving the clock gene Period 1
Olejniczak, I., Ripperger, J. A., Sandrelli, F., Schnell, A., Mansencal-Strittmatter, L., Wendrich, K. S., Hui, K. Y., Brenna, A., Fredj, N. B., & Albrecht, U. (2021) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1009625 · Cited by 41
“…with seasonal and non-seasonal depression (Golden et al., 2005; Kripke, 1998; Lam et al., 2016; Lieverse et al., 2011; Rosenthal et al., 1984; Sit et al., 2018; Wirz-Justice et al., 2011), while light deprivation can increase depressive-like behavior in various species (Gonzalez and…”
BackgroundDisrupted circadian rhythms and mental health
Walker, W. H., Walton, J. C., & Nelson, R. J. (2021) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00016-9 · Cited by 48
Use of “Lights” for Bipolar Depression
Sit, D., & Haigh, S. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1025-0 · Cited by 37
Self-citationSleep and sleep treatments in bipolar disorder
Kaplan, K. A. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.02.001 · Cited by 39
Wang, S., Zhang, Z., Yao, L., Ding, N., Jiang, L., & Wu, Y. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232798 · Cited by 35
“There were 3 studies with light intensities�5000 lux,2 cohort studies [52,53], and 1 RCT [54].”
BackgroundFaulkner, S., Dijk, D., Drake, R., & Bee, P. (2020) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2020.01.014 · Cited by 34
Effectiveness of light therapy as adjunctive treatment in bipolar depression: A pilot study
Cuomo, A., Carmellini, P., Garo, M. L., Barillà, G., Libri, C., Spiti, A., Goracci, A., Bolognesi, S., & Fagiolini, A. M. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.009 · Cited by 32
Bipolar mood cycles associated with lunar entrainment of a circadian rhythm
Wehr, T. A. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0203-x · Cited by 33
Late chronotype predicts more depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder over a 5 year follow-up period
Vidafar, P., Yocum, A. K., Han, P., McInnis, M. G., & Burgess, H. J. (2021) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-021-00233-5 · Cited by 36
“Morning bright light treatment has been found to be antidepressant in people with bipolar disorder, but concerns over inducing mania have led to recommendations to administer light treatment in the middle of the day rather than the morning (Sit et al. 2018), the timing of which does not typically lead to large phase a…”
BackgroundSabbah, S., Worden, M. S., Laniado, D. D., Berson, D. M., & Sanes, J. N. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2118192119 · Cited by 33
“Human studies likewise link the PFC, light exposure (5, 6), and mood (26–32) with the development of depression, and other mood disorders are likely affected by PFC dysfunction (33–36).”
Background“Shedding Light on Light”: A Review on the Effects on Mental Health of Exposure to Optical Radiation
Bertani, D. E., Novellis, A. M. P. D., Farina, R., Latella, E., Meloni, M., Scala, C., Valeo, L., Galeazzi, G. M., & Ferrari, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041670 · Cited by 36
“taking into account effectiveness of the treatment and patient tolerance [97].”
BackgroundMolecular Connections Between Circadian Clocks and Mood-related Behaviors
Albrecht, U. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2019.11.021 · Cited by 29
Bisdounis, L., Saunders, K. E. A., Farley, H. J., Lee, C., McGowan, N. M., Espie, C. A., & Kyle, S. D. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.002 · Cited by 33
Esaki, Y., Obayashi, K., Saeki, K., Fujita, K., Iwata, N., & Kitajima, T. (2020) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1746799 · Cited by 30
Chen, H., Shi, X., Liu, N., Jiang, Z., Ma, C., Luo, G., Liu, S., Wei, X., Liu, Y., & Ming, D. (2024) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112998 · Cited by 29
Esaki, Y., Kitajima, T., Obayashi, K., Saeki, K., Fujita, K., & Iwata, N. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.06.010 · Cited by 26
Bipolar Disorder, Circadian Rhythm and Clock Genes
Chung, J.-S., Kim, Y.-C., & Jeong, J. (2023) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.23.1093 · Cited by 28
“Light therapy, which is mainly used as an adjunct to drug therapy, was found to be effective in improving depressive symptoms without increasing the risk of manic switch in bipolar disorder [75].”
BackgroundExploring potential mechanisms underpinning the therapeutic effects of surfing
Moreton, S. G., Brennan, M. K., Nicholls, V. I., Wolf, I. D., & Muir, D. L. (2021) · Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning · doi:10.1080/14729679.2021.1884104 · Cited by 28
“Furthermore, morning and midday bright light exposure can be efficacious in the treatment of bipolar (Kupeli, Bulut, Bulut, Kurt, & Kora, 2018; Sit et al., 2017; Tseng et al., 2016), and the ability of surfing to provide respite from negative ruminations suggests that it may be of benefit for people who struggle to di…”
BackgroundLight treatment in depression: An antique treatment with new insights
Geoffroy, P. A., Schroder, C. M., & Bourgin, P. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.03.002 · Cited by 22
Sleep and psychiatric disorders: Bidirectional interactions and shared neurobiological mechanisms
Hyndych, A., Koval, K., Dzeruzhynska, N., & Mader, E. C. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000531 · Cited by 36
Significant role of gene–gene interactions of clock genes in mood disorder
Park, M., Kim, S. A., Yee, J., Shin, J., Lee, K. Y., & Joo, E.-J. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.056 · Cited by 23
Huang, L., Chen, X., Tao, Q., Wang, X., Huang, X., Fu, Y., Yang, Y., Shijie, D., Lin, S., So, K., et al. (2023) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002282 · Cited by 21
Wang, D., & Osser, D. N. (2019) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12860 · Cited by 21
Legenbauer, T., Kirschbaum-Lesch, I., Jörke, C., Kölch, M., Reis, O., Berger, C., Dück, A., Schulte-Markwort, M., Becker-Hebly, I., Bienioschek, S., et al. (2024) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0103 · Cited by 20
Yoshiike, T., Honma, M., Yamada, N., Kim, Y., & Kuriyama, K. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.015 · Cited by 21
Antidepressant light therapy for bipolar patients: A meta-analyses
Dallaspezia, S., & Benedetti, F. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.104 · Cited by 20
Environmental Bright Light Exposure, Depression Symptoms, and Sleep Regularity
Wallace, D. A., Redline, S. S., Sofer, T., & Kossowsky, J. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.22810 · Cited by 18
Illuminating the way: the role of bright light therapy in the treatment of depression
Rajačić, B. K., Šagud, M., Pivac, N., & Begić, D. (2023) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2023.2273396 · Cited by 19
“However, it was demonstrated that midday BLT, as a precaution against mood switch in patients with bipolar depression during six weeks induced three times higher remission rates than dim red light [30].”
BackgroundChen, Y., Hong, W., & Fang, Y. (2020) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2019-100127 · Cited by 20
Ritter, P. S., Soltmann, B., Sauer, C., Yakac, A., Boekstaegers, L., Reichard, M., Koenitz, K., Bauer, M., Güldner, H., Neumann, S., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.06.004 · Cited by 16
“Because manipulating the circadian system can directly influence affective states (40,41), it seems reasonable to propose that more fragile circadian functioning in the form of an increased propensity to phase shift may be implicated in the modulation or even pathogenesis of bipolar disorder.”
BackgroundGeoffroy, P. A., Abbassi, E. M. B. E., Maruani, J., Etain, B., Lejoyeux, M., Amad, A., Courtet, P., Dubertret, C., Gorwood, P., Vaiva, G., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2018.09.27.1 · Cited by 16
Wang, D., Tang, L., Xi, C., Luo, D., Yin, L., Huang, Q., Wang, Z., Chen, J., Zhao, X., Zhou, H., et al. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02498-z · Cited by 15
“Recently, light therapy has been confirmed to have anti-depressive effects in both unipolar [56] and bipolar depression [57], involving a circuit linking the habenula, thalamus, amygdala, and VC [58].”
BackgroundProphylactic Management of Women With Bipolar Disorder During Pregnancy and the Perinatal Period
Uğuz, F., Sharma, V., Boyce, P. M., Clark, C. T., Galbally, M., Koukopoulos, A. E., Marsh, W., Stevens, A. W. M. M., & Viguera, A. C. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001740 · Cited by 16
Wang, Q., Wu, S., Luo, Z., Pu, L., Wang, X., Guo, M., Zhang, M., Tang, H., Chen, M., Kong, L., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1307537 · Cited by 18
An intricate relationship between circadian rhythm dysfunction and psychiatric diseases
Samanta, S., & Bagchi, D. (2024) · Exploration of neuroscience · doi:10.37349/en.2024.00053 · Cited by 16
Light Therapy in Mood Disorders: A Brief History with Physiological Insights
Choukroun, J., & Geoffroy, P. A. (2019) · Chronobiology in Medicine · doi:10.33069/cim.2018.0009 · Cited by 15
Evidence for the Efficacy of Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression
Benedetti, F., Avery, D. H., Bauer, M., Bunney, W. E., Çaliyurt, O., Camardese, G., Colombo, C., Dallaspezia, S., Henriksen, T. E., Kasper, S., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18020231 · Cited by 14
Gisabella, B., Babu, J., Valeri, J., Rexrode, L., & Pantazopoulos, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.646678 · Cited by 16
“Specifically, the efficacy of bright light therapy for depression (Sit et al., 2007, 2018; Kaladchibachi and Fernandez, 2018) and blue light blocking treatment for mania (Henriksen et al., 2014, 2016, 2020) suggest that patient specific approaches targeting the circadian system are promising…”
BackgroundThe influence of weather on the course of bipolar disorder: A systematic review
Montes, J. M. G., Serrano, C., & Pascual-Sánchez, A. (2021) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2021.03.002 · Cited by 13
Molecular Link between Circadian Rhythmicity and Mood Disorders
Faltraco, F., Palm, D., Coogan, A. N., Simon, F. A. J., Tucha, O. M., & Thome, J. (2021) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867328666211007113725 · Cited by 13
Bright Light Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder in Adolescent Outpatients: A Preliminary Study
Ballard, R., Parkhurst, J. T., Gadek, L. K., Julian, K. M., Yang, A., Pasetes, L. N., Goel, N., & Sit, D. K. Y. (2024) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep6010005 · Cited by 14
“…with seasonal depression) from evening bright light [41]; in adults with bipolar major depression who utilized midday light as adjunctive therapy [14]; in adolescents with non-seasonal MDD who utilized afternoon LT (between 1600 and 2000 h) [32]; and in adolescents with SAD who reported a stable…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationHobbs, E., Reed, R., Lorberg, B. A., Robb, A. S., & Dorfman, J. (2022) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2022.0035 · Cited by 15
“However, in adults with bipolar depression, bright light therapy resulted in significant decrease in depressive symptoms (Sit et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2020).”
Hirakawa, H., Terao, T., Hatano, K., Shirahama, M., Kugimiya, T., Kohno, K., Matsuta, H., Shimomura, T., & Fujiki, M. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02688-9 · Cited by 12
Liu, Y., Wang, L., Pan, D., Li, M., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Xu, Y., Wang, X., Yan, J., Wu, Q., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-01155-z · Cited by 13
Light Therapy for Adolescent Depression: A Scoping Review
Ballard, R., Parkhurst, J. T., Julian, K. M., Pasetes, L. N., Fawcett, A. J., Li, A., Goel, N., & Sit, D. K. Y. (2023) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-023-01437-5 · Cited by 11
Self-citationGeoffroy, P. A., Palagini, L., Henriksen, T. E. G., Bourgin, P., Garbazza, C., Gronfier, C., Esaki, Y., Fernandez, D. C., Lam, R. W., Lee, H.-J., et al. (2025) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/19585969.2025.2533806 · Cited by 10
“Some patients may notice improvements within a few days, while others may take several weeks (Rosenthal et al. 1985; Meesters and Houwelingen 1998; leGates et al. 2014; chojnacka et al. 2016; Benedetti 2018; Sit et al. 2018; Zhou et al. 2018; Gottlieb et al. 2019).”
InfluentialSelf-citationMurthy, M. K. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.009 · Cited by 13
Hühne-Landgraf, A., Hoch, E., & Landgraf, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.569864 · Cited by 10
“Light therapy is known to be effective for the treatment of seasonal affective disorder, MDD and was shown to be effective in bipolar disorder patients (71, 72).”
BackgroundLight-eye-body axis: exploring the network from retinal illumination to systemic regulation
Zeng, Y., Rong, R., You, M., Zhu, P., Zhang, J., & Xia, X. (2024) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.106589 · Cited by 9
“Many mood disorders, including Seasonal Affective Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder, are intimately linked to abnormal sleep and circadian rhythms [145].”
Kato, M., Masuda, T., Sano, F., & Kato, T. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.065 · Cited by 10
The Light of Hope in Antidepressant Strategies
Geoffroy, P. A. (2020) · Chronobiology in Medicine · doi:10.33069/cim.2020.0008 · Cited by 8
“[16], but also to more direct effects [17].”
BackgroundProspective Assessment of Daily Patterns of Mood-Related Symptoms
Pilz, L. K., Carissimi, A., Francisco, A. P., de Oliveira, M. A. B., Slyepchenko, A., Epifano, K., Garay, L. L. D. S., Fabris, R. C., Medeiros, M. S., Streiner, D. L., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00370 · Cited by 9
Goldberg, J. F. (2019) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20190005 · Cited by 11
Zhou, L., Ruan, C., Li, N., Hou, D., Weirich, C., & Lin, Y. (2024) · LEUKOS The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America · doi:10.1080/15502724.2023.2293468 · Cited by 7
“…practice, red light is a typical experiment setup as the control group of bright light therapy in clinical controlled studies (Lieverse et al. 2011; Sit et al. 2018; Strong et al. 2009), and white light is currently used as the standard treatment spectrum for depression (Al-Karawi and Jubair 2016;…”
Johnson, S. L., Murray, G., Kriegsfeld, L. J., Manoogian, E. N. C., Mason, L., Allen, J. D., Berk, M., Panda, S., Rajgopal, N. A., Gibson, J. C., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05790-4 · Cited by 9
“Accord-ingly, despite the promise of behavioral and biological approaches to address disrupted circadian rhythms in BD, further treatment development is needed [65].”
BackgroundOldham, C. M., Oldham, M. B., & Desan, P. H. (2019) · Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1176/appi.prcp.2019.20180011 · Cited by 7
“A recent randomized trial found midday bright-light therapy at 7,000 lumens per square meter (lux) to be ef fi cacious as an adjunct to mood stabilizer for bipolar depression, with a 68% remission rate over 4 – 6 weeks, compared with a 22% remission rate with dim red placebo light (6).”
Carbon monoxide: a critical physiological regulator sensitive to light
Oren, D. A., Sit, D. K. Y., Goudarzi, S. H., et al. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0766-1 · Cited by 7
Self-citationTreating winter depressive episodes in bipolar disorder: an open trial of light therapy
van Hout, L. J. E., Rops, L., & Simons, C. J. P. (2020) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-020-00182-5 · Cited by 9
35 years of light treatment for mental disorders in the Netherlands
Meesters, Y., van Tuinen, E. J. D., & Gordijn, M. C. M. (2023) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2023.2269574 · Cited by 7
“Because of the potential risks of (hypo)manic decompensation and midday effects of exposure to light treat-ment, this timing was recommended in a study on the positive effects of light treatment at midday [73].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Sit, D. K., McGowan, J., Wiltrout, C., Diler, R. S., Dills, J. (., Luther, J., Yang, A., Ciolino, J. D., Seltman, H., Wisniewski, S. R., Terman, M., & Wisner, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Department of Preventive Medicine–Biostatistics Division, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh; the Epidemiological Data Center, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; the Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh; and the...
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2018-02-01
- Volume
- 175
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 131-139
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2762262043
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 22
- FWCI
- 15.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k23mh082114-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23 MH-082114)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- bright light therapy, bipolar depression, bipolar disorder, sleep quality, antidepressant efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bipolar Disorder, Combined Modality Therapy, Depression, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phototherapy, Sleep, Odds Ratio, Treatment Outcome, Antimanic Agents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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