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The Social Determinants of Mental Health
Abstract
It is well known that social factors affect risk for mental illnesses and substance use disorders, as well as health outcomes of persons with these disorders. Social and environmental factors, in addition to their independent and combined effects, can influence genetic determinants of health and illness through gene-by-environment interactions and epigenetic mechanisms. Such social and environmental factors clearly have an effect at the individual level and should encounter intervention in the clinical setting. However, the social determinants of health and the social determinants of mental health exert their effects more broadly at the societal level and thus can be most effectively addressed through changes in public policies and social norms. Specifically, the social determinants of mental health—exemplified here by income inequality and poor education—are understood as being underpinned by unequal distribution of opportunity and, more deeply, by public policies (e.g., legislation that may not specifically pertain to health but ultimately has far-reaching effects on health) and social norms (e.g., cultural opinions and biases that set the stage for poorer health among disadvantaged groups). The greatest population-based impact for improving mental health and reducing risk of mental illnesses and substance use disorders will be achieved by optimizing public policies to make them more health promoting, and by altering social norms so that the health of all members of society is a priority.
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“Climate change is a social determinant for mental health (150).”
From The Impact of Climate Change on Mental Health: A Systematic Descriptive Review (2020) · cites this paper as [150]
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“this inequality in resources has translated to inequality in mental health outcomes [483].”
From Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature (2021) · cites this paper as [483]
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“The number and types of collaborating agencies is very different (5 + 25 vs. 2 agencies); types of agencies for the one program are diverse (courts, mental health providers, social service providers, government agencies, large network of secondary (Compton & Shim, 2015).”
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“[66] and WHO’s multilevel framework for SDoMH, which provides a useful lens for addressing these factors [ 47].”
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“Compton and Shim (33) indicate that there are main “core” social determinants of mental health which include social exclusion, adverse early life experiences, poor education, unemployment, underemployment, job insecurity, poverty, income inequality, and neighborhood deprivation; poor access to sufficient healthy food;…”
BackgroundJones, J. L., Lancaster, J. E., Robins, L. B., Killam, W. K., Nice, M. L., & Duyile, B. E. (2023) · Adultspan Journal · doi:10.33470/2161-0029.1145 · Cited by 1
Evaluating the experiences of a staff equality, diversity and inclusion reflective space
Bolster, A., & Jameel, L. (2024) · Reflective Practice · doi:10.1080/14623943.2024.2309882 · Cited by 2
“The social determinants of health postulate that health inequalities are a result of experiencing inequalities within social and environmental health determinants (Compton & Shim, 2015).”
BackgroundDepression and the Neighborhood Experience of Black and Latine Adults
Malcome, M., Garthe, R. C., Gorman‐Smith, D., & Schoeny, M. E. (2024) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/10443894231222585 · Cited by 1
“However, significantly less research focuses on the role of community or neighborhood context and the risk for depression, despite evidence that social-ecological contexts shape individual mental health outcomes (Alegria, Molina, & Chen, 2014; Compton & Shim, 2015; Hill & Maimon, 2013).”
Cooper, Z., Mowbray, O. P., & Johnson, L. C. M. (2024) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-024-02205-2 · Cited by 1
“The extant literature regarding SDOH operationalizes the problems that SDOH can perpetuate (Compton and Shim 2015; Crews and Novick 2019; Noël and Whaley 2012) and provides conceptual solutions to address SDOH (Adler et al. 2016; Hunter et al. 2011; Maani and Galea 2020).”
Empowering Psychiatric Inpatients to Vote: Perceptions of Voting and the Barriers Encountered
Graziane, J. A., Dalke, K. B., Swigart, A. R., Pradhan, S., Zhu, J., Laux, T., Mikoluk, C., Miller, C. J., Luther, J., & Kunkel, E. J. S. (2024) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-024-01241-2 · Cited by 1
Gordon-Achebe, K., Rosenfield, P., Roary, M. C., Malaspina, D., Lu, F. G., Thompson, K. C., & Tasman, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_158-1 · Cited by 1
Determinantes sociales de la salud mental: retórica, realidades y esperanzas
Alarcón, R. D. (2024) · Acta Herediana · doi:10.20453/ah.v67i1.5524 · Cited by 1
Juvenile Delinquency and Its Effects on Students Mental Health and Academic Performance in Nigeria
Ola-Williams, M. C., Ola-Williams, A., & Ogbaini, C. A. (2024) · Suluh Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling · doi:10.33084/suluh.v9i2.7115 · Cited by 8
Hendricks-Sturrup, R., Yankah, S. E., & Lu, C. Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2024.1444084 · Cited by 1
“…social and economic factors can be captured in many formats, including but not limited to documenting ICD-10-CM codes Z14 and Z15 on genetic factors and Z55-65 Z codes on SDoH factors (see Supplementary Table S1) (Gerhard et al., 2018; Compton and Shim, 2015; Dolin et al., 2023; Robeznieks, 2022).”
BackgroundArea-level credit scores and symptoms of depression and anxiety in adults
Ettman, C. K., Goicoechea, E. B., Stuart, E. A., & Dean, L. T. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae275 · Cited by 1
Stephens, M., Rahmanfard, N., Conneely, M., Bird, V. J., Knight, A., Heritage, P., Waseem, L., Nath, S., Ansar, A., Choudhury, R., et al. (2024) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323241291667 · Cited by 1
Heshmatnia, F., Jafari, M., Karimi, M., Giri, S., & Thapa, S. (2025) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2025.2537846 · Cited by 1
“Employment, in contrast, is associated with financial security and social support, which protect against poor mental health (Compton & Shim, 2015).”
Werneke, U. (2018) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2018.1481525 · Cited by 1
RetractedPrevention in Psychosomatic Medical Care and Rehabilitation
Fielding, R., & Lam, W. (2018) · Integrating psychiatry and primary care · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74736-1_8 · Cited by 1
Cleaning the House of Psychiatry
Nicola, V. D., & Stoyanov, D. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55140-7_8 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Compton, M. T., & Shim, R. S.
- Affiliations
- Hofstra University (US)
- Venue
- Focus
- Published
- 2015-10
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 419-425
- ISSN
- 1541-4094 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-4108
- OpenAlex
- W2099594539
- Cited by
- 564
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 16.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- social determinants of mental health, mental illness, substance use disorders, income inequality, gene-environment interaction, epigenetics, public policy, social norms, health promotion, health disparities
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