The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Moral Injury and PTSD: Often Co-Occurring Yet Mechanistically Different
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“While Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and moral injury (MI) often co-occur, both are conceptually distinct: PTSD is defined by fear-based responses to life threat (e.g., hyperarousal, re-experiencing, and avoidance of trauma cues), whereas MI centers on transgressions of deeply held moral beliefs and is marked disrupted moral meaning (10, 14, 19).”
From The therapeutic role of self-transcendence in moral injury recovery: theory, mechanisms, and clinical implications (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Recent empirical and theoretical literature suggests that MI-related distress is sustained by maladaptive self-referential processing—recurrent rumination, rigid moral self-appraisal, and self-condemning narratives that reorganize identity around perceived transgression or betrayal (8, 10, 15–18).”
From The therapeutic role of self-transcendence in moral injury recovery: theory, mechanisms, and clinical implications (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Although MI often co-occurs with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it is widely understood as a distinct moral–psychological condition not fully captured by fear-based trauma models”
From The therapeutic role of self-transcendence in moral injury recovery: theory, mechanisms, and clinical implications (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
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“MI is increasingly conceptualized as a distinct psychosocial syndrome involving enduring disruptions in moral identity, meaning systems, and self-evaluative processes following exposure to potentially morally injurious events (4, 8–13).”
From The therapeutic role of self-transcendence in moral injury recovery: theory, mechanisms, and clinical implications (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
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Citations
Cites
Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy
Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003 · Cited by 2,738
Shay, J. (2014) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036090 · Cited by 882
An exploration of the viability and usefulness of the construct of moral injury in war veterans.
Drescher, K. D., Foy, D. W., Kelly, C. M., Leshner, A., Schutz, K., & Litz, B. T. (2011) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1534765610395615 · Cited by 494
Boyd, J. E., Lanius, R. A., & McKinnon, M. C. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.170021 · Cited by 407
Defining and assessing moral injury: A syndrome perspective
Jinkerson, J. D. (2016) · Traumatology · doi:10.1037/trm0000069 · Cited by 381
Akiki, T. J., Averill, C. L., & Abdallah, C. G. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0840-4 · Cited by 365
Initial Psychometric Evaluation of the Moral Injury Questionnaire—Military Version
Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., Drescher, K. D., & Foy, D. W. (2013) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1866 · Cited by 288
Farnsworth, J. K., Drescher, K. D., Nieuwsma, J. A., Walser, R. D., & Currier, J. M. (2014) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000018 · Cited by 270
Gray, M. J., Schorr, Y., Nash, W., Lebowitz, L., Amidon, A., Lansing, A., Maglione, M., Lang, A. J., & Litz, B. T. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.09.001 · Cited by 258
Moral injury, meaning making, and mental health in returning veterans
Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., & Malott, J. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22134 · Cited by 257
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Sun D, Depress Anxiety
- Griffin BJ, J Trauma Stress
- Maguen S, 2012, PTSD Res Quarterly, 23, 1
- Dedert EA, Behav Sleep Med
- Held P, 2018, Psychol Trauma
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Spilg, E. G., Rushton, C. H., Phillips, J. L., Kendzerska, T., Saad, M., Gifford, W., Gautam, M., Bhatla, R., Edwards, J. D., Quilty, L. C., et al. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03637-w · Cited by 202
Moral Injury: An Increasingly Recognized and Widespread Syndrome
Koenig, H. G., & Al Zaben, F. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01328-0 · Cited by 166
Moral injury, mental health and behavioural health outcomes: A systematic review of the literature
Hall, N. A., Everson, A. T., Billingsley, M. R., & Miller, M. B. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2607 · Cited by 205
Moral Injury and Moral Resilience in Health Care Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic
Rushton, C. H., Thomas, T., Antonsdottir, I. M., Nelson, K. E., Boyce, D. M., Vioral, A. N., Swavely, D., Ley, C., & Hanson, G. C. (2021) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2021.0076 · Cited by 178
Lentz, L. M., Smith-MacDonald, L., Malloy, D., Carleton, R. N., & Brémault-Phillips, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.639781 · Cited by 143
Metadata
- Authors
- Barnes, H. A., Hurley, R. A., & Taber, K. H.
- Affiliations
- W. G. (Bill) Hefner VA Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- A4-103
- ISSN
- 0895-0172 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-7222
- OpenAlex
- W2942372106
- Semantic Scholar
- 8d5bbfa64f99860e143534191f3a73ab8c7a5271
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 2.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuropsychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- moral injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, co-occurrence, pathophysiological mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Trauma, Combat Disorders, Humans, Morals, Psychotherapy, Self Concept, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Forgiveness
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