Racial Population Projections and Reactions to Alternative News Accounts of Growing Diversity
Abstract
Projections of changes in racial demographics depend on how race is classified. The U.S. Census Bureau makes several different projections of the nation’s racial demographic future, but the most publicized version projects our racial future in a way that narrows the definition of race groups to exclude people who are of mixed race or Hispanic. This definition results in projections of many fewer “whites,” accelerating the impending decline of the country’s white majority and perhaps heightening white audiences’ anxiety about demographic change. We conducted an experiment that randomly assigned whites to read alternative news stories based on 2014 Census Bureau projections. One story emphasized growing diversity, a second emphasized the decline of the white population to minority status, and a third described an enduring white majority based on intermarriage and inclusive white identity. Much higher levels of anxiety or anger, especially among Republicans, were recorded after reading the white minority story than the alternative stories of diversity or an enduring white majority.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
As states grow more racially diverse, some voters might demand restrictions on democracy to block the political inclusion and empowerment of new voters of color.
“As states grow more racially diverse due to immigration and internal migration, 15 some voters might demand restrictions on democracy to block the political inclusion and empowerment of new voters of color (Abrajano and Hajnal 2017; Biggers and Hanmer 2017; Myers and Levy 2018).”
From Laboratories of Democratic Backsliding (2023) · cites this paper as Myers and Levy 2018
Cites
Toward a Theory of Minority-Group Relations
Davies, I., & Blalock, H. M. (1967) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/588680 · Cited by 2,964 · see citing works
Bobo, L., & Hutchings, V. L. (1996) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096302 · Cited by 1,562 · see citing works
Politicized Places: Explaining Where and When Immigrants Provoke Local Opposition
HOPKINS, D. J. (2010) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055409990360 · Cited by 1,223 · see citing works
Whites' opposition to busing: Symbolic racism or realistic group conflict?
Bobo, L. D. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.6.1196 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Tesler, M., & Sears, D. O. (2010) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226793849.001.0001 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Colby, S. L., & Ortman, J. M. (2015) · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Alba, R., Rumbaut, R. G., & Marotz, K. G. (2005) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0002 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Us Against Them: Ethnocentric Foundations of American Opinion
Kinder, D. R., & Kam, C. D. (2009) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226435725.001.0001 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Racial and Political Dynamics of an Approaching “Majority-Minority” United States
Craig, M. A., Rucker, J. M., & Richeson, J. A. (2018) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716218766269 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
American Identity and the Politics of Multiculturalism
Citrin, J., & Sears, D. O. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139028967 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Wong, C. J. (2007) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfm023 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Immigrants and boomers: forging a new social contract for the future of America
Myers, D. (2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-1757 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationHochschild, J. L., Weaver, V. M., & Burch, T. R. (2012) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400841943 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The Rise of Mixed Parentage: A Sociological and Demographic Phenomenon to Be Reckoned With
Alba, R., Beck, B., & Şahin, D. B. (2018) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716218757656 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Analysis with local census data
Myers, D. (1992) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 16 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jardina, A. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108645157 · Cited by 1,207 · see citing works
Racial and Political Dynamics of an Approaching “Majority-Minority” United States
Craig, M. A., Rucker, J. M., & Richeson, J. A. (2018) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716218766269 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Obaidi, M., Kunst, J. R., Ozer, S., & Kimel, S. Y. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302211028293 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Considerations for using race and ethnicity as quantitative variables in medical education research
Ross, P. T., Hart-Johnson, T., Santen, S. A., & Zaidi, N. L. B. (2020) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.1007/s40037-020-00602-3 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Abascal, M. (2020) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122420905127 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Ingram, P. (2023) · University Press of Mississippi eBooks · doi:10.2307/jj.4256584.5 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Laboratories of Democratic Backsliding
GRUMBACH, J. M. (2023) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055422000934 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“As states grow more racially diverse due to immigration and internal migration, 15 some voters might demand restrictions on democracy to block the political inclusion and empowerment of new voters of color (Abrajano and Hajnal 2017; Biggers and Hanmer 2017; Myers and Levy 2018).”
BackgroundAlba, R. (2018) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/2378023118796932 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The Rise of Mixed Parentage: A Sociological and Demographic Phenomenon to Be Reckoned With
Alba, R., Beck, B., & Şahin, D. B. (2018) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716218757656 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Racial Projections in Perspective: Public Reactions to Narratives about Rising Diversity
Levy, M. E., & Myers, D. (2021) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592720003679 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Origins and Consequences of Racialized Schemas about U.S. Parties
Zhirkov, K., & Valentino, N. A. (2022) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2022.4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Measuring Whiteness: A Systematic Review of Instruments and Call to Action
Schooley, R. C., Lee, D. L., & Spanierman, L. B. (2019) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000019883261 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Immigration and the American Ethos
Levy, M. E., & Wright, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108772174 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationThe threat of a majority-minority U.S. alters white Americans' perception of race
Krosch, A. R., Park, S. J., Walker, J., & Lisner, A. R. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104266 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Political ideology moderates White Americans’ reactions to racial demographic change
Brown, X., Rucker, J. M., & Richeson, J. A. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302211052516 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Latinxs in the Kansas City Metro Area: Policing and Criminalization in Ethnic Enclaves
Garcia-Hallett, J., Like, T. Z., Torres, T. L., & Irazábal, C. (2019) · Journal of Planning Education and Research · doi:10.1177/0739456x19882749 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
What does it mean to “go beyond race”?
Törngren, S. O., & Suyemoto, K. L. (2022) · Comparative Migration Studies · doi:10.1186/s40878-022-00280-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Political Meaning of Whiteness for Liberals and Conservatives
Schildkraut, D. J. (2019) · The Forum · doi:10.1515/for-2019-0028 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
America First and the human rights regime
Mills, K., & Payne, R. A. (2020) · Journal of Human Rights · doi:10.1080/14754835.2020.1809362 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The psychology of puberty: What aren’t we studying that we should?
Mendle, J., & Koch, M. K. (2019) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12333 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Gest, J. (2020) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2020.1774113 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Eating Disorders and Body Image Concerns in Men of Color: Cultural Considerations
Stewardson, L., Nolan, J., & Talleyrand, R. M. (2020) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.42.2.02 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
It’s All in the Definition: Color‐Blind Interpretations of School Diversity
Petts, A. L. (2020) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/socf.12590 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Subnational Non‐Hispanic White Natural Decrease in the United States
Johnson, K. M. (2020) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.12323 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Obaidi, M., Kunst, J. R., Ozer, S., & Kimel, S. Y. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/b25r3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Integration policies shape ethnic-racial majorities’ threat reactions to increasing diversity
Kende, J., Jacobs, D., Green, E. G. T., Tropp, L. R., Huo, Y. J., Dovidio, J. F., Jiménez, T. R., Schildkraut, D. J., & Klein, O. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adk8556 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
6 Demography of Race and Ethnicity
Sáenz, R., & Morales, M. C. (2019) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10910-3_7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Demographic change and the 2016 presidential election
Maggio, C. (2020) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2020.102459 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gereke, J., Hellyer, J., Behnert, J., Exner, S., Herbel, A., Jäger, F., Lajic, D., Mezenský, Š., Ánh, V. N., Ogłaza, T., et al. (2022) · Sociological Science · doi:10.15195/v9.a9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The unappreciated centrality of ethnoracially mixed Americans to the nation’s demographic future
Alba, R. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2415070121 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Between Demographic Optimism and Pessimism?
McConnell, E. D., & Rodríguez-Muñiz, M. (2022) · Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x2200008x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Immigration, Race, and Political PolarizationPreprint
Maggio, C., & Hout, M. (2020) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/p7q2w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Motley, R., Walker, D. T., Willock, J., & Byansi, W. (2024) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241253827 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Principle-Policy and Principle-Personal Gaps in Americans’ Diversity Attitudes
Rajasekar, N., Stewart, E. M., & Hartmann, D. (2024) · Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x24000079 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liebenow, H. A., Boucher, K. L., & Cassidy, B. S. (2022) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843221104383 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tong, S. T., & DeAndrea, D. C. (2023) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051231157299 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Great Demographic Illusion: Majority, Minority, and the Expanding American Mainstream
Weeks, J. R. (2023) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/00943061231204790a · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Li, Z., Talleyrand, R. M., & Sansbury, A. B. (2024) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2024.2396825 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Perceived threat and demographic misperception
Ives, B., & Breslawski, J. (2025) · Politics and Religion · doi:10.1017/s1755048324000336 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mapping Racial Boundaries: For Whom Do Varying Racial Identities Decrease Happiness?
Petts, A. L. (2019) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-019-09271-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Multiculturalism, American-Style: The Politics of Race, Culture, and Diversity
Rajasekar, N., & Hartmann, D. (2024) · Palgrave politics of identity and citizenship series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-71719-2_7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Black Man in the White House
Jardina, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108645157.008 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jardina, A. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108645157.001
Jardina, A. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108645157.009
The Measurement and Meaning of Group Ties
Jardina, A. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108645157.003
The Content and Contours of Whiteness
Jardina, A. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108645157.005
Jardina, A. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108645157.002
Jardina, A. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108645157.004
Jardina, A. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108645157.006
Civic Fairness and the Legal–Illegal Divide
Levy, M. E., & Wright, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108772174.006
Self-citationWhat Do Americans Want from Immigration Policy, and Why?
Levy, M. E., & Wright, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108772174.003
Self-citationCivic Fairness and Ethnic Stereotypes
Levy, M. E., & Wright, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108772174.007
Self-citationCivic Fairness and Group-Centrism
Levy, M. E., & Wright, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108772174.004
Self-citationPolicies that Protect the Group
Jardina, A. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108645157.007
Levy, M. E., & Wright, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108772174.001
Self-citationLevy, M. E., & Wright, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108772174.002
Self-citationLevy, M. E., & Wright, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108772174.009
Self-citationJardina, A. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108645157.012
Levy, M. E., & Wright, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108772174.013
Self-citationJardina, A. E. (2019) · White Identity Politics · doi:10.1017/9781108645157.010
Assimilation, Civic Fairness and the “Circle of We”
Levy, M. E., & Wright, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108772174.008
Self-citationLevy, M. E., & Wright, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108772174.011
Self-citationFunctional Assimilation, Humanitarianism, and Support for Legal Admissions
Levy, M. E., & Wright, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108772174.005
Self-citationJardina, A. E. (2019) · White Identity Politics · doi:10.1017/9781108645157.011
Levy, M. E., & Wright, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108772174.010
Self-citationJardina, A. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108645157.013
Levy, M. E., & Wright, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108772174.012
Self-citationPerceived Threat and Demographic MisperceptionPreprint
Breslawski, J., & Ives, B. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4087208
Integrated Sociology Programs: Five Pillars to Guide Blended Curriculum Design
Nathenson, S. L., & Chapman, K. A. (2023) · Journal of Applied Social Science · doi:10.1177/19367244221139449
Melegh, A. (2023) · Marx, Engels, and Marxisms · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14294-9_4
What is Cultural Competence in Postsecondary Education?
Hilliard, P., & Edwards, C. W. (2024) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/979-8-88730-467-020251003
Political ideology moderates White Americans’ reactions to racial demographic changePreprint
Rucker, J. M., Richeson, J., & Brown, X. (2022) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Burge, C., & Towler, C. C. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-06918-4_204-1
- Authors
- Myers, D., & Levy, M.
- Corresponding author
- Myers, Dowell
- Venue
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-04-25
- Volume
- 677
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 215-228
- ISSN
- 0002-7162 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3349
- OpenAlex
- W2801435048
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 29.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Studies and Communication
- Keywords
- racial classification, mixed-race people, Hispanic identity, white identity, intermarriage, racial anxiety, Republicans, news framing, racial diversity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review