The DOI matches its Crossref record; 84 of the 84 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Footprints on the Earth: The Environmental Consequences of Modernity
Abstract
Growing evidence demonstrating clear threats to the sustainability of the ecosystems supporting human societies has given rise to a variety of sociological theories of human-environment interactions. These environmental impact theories fall into three general perspectives: human ecology, modernization, and political economy. These theories, however, have not been empirically tested in a common analytic framework. Here, a framework that relies on ecological principles is adopted and modified. Using a revised stochastic formulation of that framework and the most comprehensive measure of environmental impact to date—the ecological footprint—the factors driving the environmental impacts of societies are assessed. The overall findings support the claims of human ecologists, partially support the claims of political economists, and contradict the claims of modernization theorists. Basic material conditions, such as population, economic production, urbanization, and geographical factors all affect the environment and explain the vast majority of cross-national variation in environmental impact. Factors derived from neo-liberal modernization theory, such as political freedom, civil liberties, and state environmentalism have no effect on impacts. Taken together, these findings suggest societies cannot be sanguine about achieving sustainability via a continuation of current trends in economic growth and institutional change.
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Metadata
- Authors
- York, R., Rosa, E. A., & Dietz, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Washington State University (US)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- York, Richard
- Venue
- American Sociological Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-04
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 279-300
- ISSN
- 0003-1224 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-8271
- OpenAlex
- W4385886475
- Cited by
- 258
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 10.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Sociological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Energy, Environment, Economic Growth
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Keywords
- ecological footprint, environmental impact, human-nature relationship, modernization theory, human ecology, political economy of the environment, sustainability, population, economic production, urbanization, political freedom, civil liberties, cross-national variation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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