Economic growth and the environment
Open accessAbstract
We examine the reduced-form relationship between per capita income and various environmental indicators. Our study covers four types of indicators: urban air pollution, the state of the oxygen regime in river basins, fecal contamination of river basins, and contamination of river basins by heavy metals. We find no evidence that environmental quality deteriorates steadily with economic growth. Rather, for most indicators, economic growth brings an initial phase of deterioration followed by a subsequent phase of improvement. The turning points for the different pollutants vary, but in most cases they come before a country reaches a per capita income of $8000.
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Grossman and Krueger (1995) estimated that the EKC turning point where environmental degradation starts declining usually comes when a country reaches a per capita GDP of US$ 8000.
“In this regard, it is worth mentioning that, in their seminal paper about EKC, Grossman and Krueger (1995) estimated that the EKC turning point where environmental degradation starts declining usually comes when a country reaches a per capita GDP of US$ 8000.”
From Transition in environmental governance in the Brazilian Amazon: emergence of a new pattern of socio-economic development and deforestation (2016) · cites this paper as Grossman and Krueger (1995)
The Results (p. 18) support an inverted-U pattern for most indicators, with environmental conditions improving after a turning point. But both the Results (p. 18) and Conclusions (p. 19) say the turning points vary by pollutant and usually occur before—not when—a country reaches $8,000 per capita (in 1985 dollars). (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome research found an environmental Kuznets curve for specific environmental aspects.
“While some research found an EKC for specific environmental aspects, e.g., [46-48]”
From Digitalization and the Decoupling Debate: Can ICT Help to Reduce Environmental Impacts While the Economy Keeps Growing? (2020) · cites this paper as [46]
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- Authors
- Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
- Venue
- The Quarterly Journal of Economics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1995-05-01
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 353-377
- ISSN
- 0033-5533 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-4650
- OpenAlex
- W2164451921
- Cited by
- 9,901
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1115 · 2025: 979 · 2024: 773 · 2023: 879 · 2022: 842 · 2021: 675 · 2020: 534 · 2019: 481 · 2018: 312 · 2017: 298 · 2016: 250 · 2015: 251 · 2014: 257 · 2013: 232 · 2012: 214
- FWCI
- 83.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Quarterly Journal of Economics (publishedVersion)
- National Bureau of Economic Research (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Energy, Environment, Economic Growth
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Management
- Keywords
- economic growth, environmental quality, per capita income, urban air pollution, fecal contamination, heavy metal contamination, turning points, environmental degradation, income-environment relationship
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