Cited by 779Delphi Technique in ResearchReliability and Agreement in MeasurementHealth Education and Validation

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Using the Delphi expert consensus method in mental health research

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Jorm, Anthony F·2015·Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry

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Abstract

Objective: The article gives an introductory overview of the use of the Delphi expert consensus method in mental health research. It explains the rationale for using the method, examines the range of uses to which it has been put in mental health research, and describes the stages of carrying out a Delphi study using examples from the literature. Method: To ascertain the range of uses, a systematic search was carried out in PubMed. The article also examines the implications of ‘wisdom of crowds’ research for how to conduct Delphi studies. Results: The Delphi method is a systematic way of determining expert consensus that is useful for answering questions that are not amenable to experimental and epidemiological methods. The validity of the approach is supported by ‘wisdom of crowds’ research showing that groups can make good judgements under certain conditions. In mental health research, the Delphi method has been used for making estimations where there is incomplete evidence (e.g. What is the global prevalence of dementia?), making predictions (e.g. What types of interactions with a person who is suicidal will reduce their chance of suicide?), determining collective values (e.g. What areas of research should be given greatest priority?) and defining foundational concepts (e.g. How should we define ‘relapse’?). A range of experts have been used in Delphi research, including clinicians, researchers, consumers and caregivers. Conclusion: The Delphi method has a wide range of potential uses in mental health research.

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Method
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Additional file 1 of Development of the Parental Experience with Care for Children with Serious Illnesses (PRECIOUS) quality of care measure
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Additional file 1 of Development of mental health first-aid guidelines for psychosis: a Delphi expert consensus study in Argentina and Chile
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Additional file 5 of Addressing help-seeking, stigma and risk factors for suicidality in secondary schools: short-term and mid-term effects of the HEYLiFE suicide prevention program in a randomized controlled trial
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Additional file 2 of Development of the Parental Experience with Care for Children with Serious Illnesses (PRECIOUS) quality of care measure
Ang, F. J. L., Gandhi, M., Østbye, T., Malhotra, C., Malhotra, R., Chong, P. H., Amin, Z., Chow, C., Tan, T. S. Z., Tewani, K. G., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25367519
Additional file 7 of Addressing help-seeking, stigma and risk factors for suicidality in secondary schools: short-term and mid-term effects of the HEYLiFE suicide prevention program in a randomized controlled trial
Grosselli, L., Knappe, S., Baumgärtel, J., Lewitzka, U., & Hoyer, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26665066
Additional file 5 of Development of the Parental Experience with Care for Children with Serious Illnesses (PRECIOUS) quality of care measure
Ang, F. J. L., Gandhi, M., Østbye, T., Malhotra, C., Malhotra, R., Chong, P. H., Amin, Z., Chow, C., Tan, T. S. Z., Tewani, K. G., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26690662
Additional file 6 of Development of the Parental Experience with Care for Children with Serious Illnesses (PRECIOUS) quality of care measure
Ang, F. J. L., Gandhi, M., Østbye, T., Malhotra, C., Malhotra, R., Chong, P. H., Amin, Z., Chow, C., Tan, T. S. Z., Tewani, K. G., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26690665
Additional file 1 of Integrating Deloading into Strength and Physique Sports Training Programmes: An International Delphi Consensus Approach
Bell, L., Strafford, B. W., Coleman, M., Androulakis‐Korakakis, P., & Nolan, D. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26618686
Additional file 3 of Addressing help-seeking, stigma and risk factors for suicidality in secondary schools: short-term and mid-term effects of the HEYLiFE suicide prevention program in a randomized controlled trial
Grosselli, L., Knappe, S., Baumgärtel, J., Lewitzka, U., & Hoyer, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26665054
Additional file 9 of Addressing help-seeking, stigma and risk factors for suicidality in secondary schools: short-term and mid-term effects of the HEYLiFE suicide prevention program in a randomized controlled trial
Grosselli, L., Knappe, S., Baumgärtel, J., Lewitzka, U., & Hoyer, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26665072
Additional file 2 of Identifying research priorities for health professions education research in sub-Saharan Africa using a modified Delphi method
Van Schalkwyk, S. C., Kiguli-Malwadde, E., Budak, J. Z., Reid, M. J. A., & de Villiers, M. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13257752
Additional file 3 of Development of an index system for the scientific literacy of medical staff: a modified Delphi study in China
Liang, S., Zhai, Z., Feng, X., Sun, X., Jiao, J., Gao, Y., & Meng, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26704782
Additional file 1 of A Delphi study to explore clinician and lived experience perspectives on setting priorities in eating disorder services
Richards, K. L., Woolrych, I., Allen, K. L., & Schmidt, U. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20098376
Additional file 1 of Prioritising interventions for preventing mental health problems for children experiencing adversity: a modified nominal group technique Australian consensus study
Hall, T., Honisett, S., Paton, K., Loftus, H., Constable, L. N., & Hiscock, H. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16864921
Additional file 4 of Addressing help-seeking, stigma and risk factors for suicidality in secondary schools: short-term and mid-term effects of the HEYLiFE suicide prevention program in a randomized controlled trial
Grosselli, L., Knappe, S., Baumgärtel, J., Lewitzka, U., & Hoyer, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26665057
Additional file 3 of Offering mental health first aid to a person experiencing psychosis: a Delphi study to redevelop the guidelines published in 2008
Cottrill, F. A., Bond, K. S., Blee, F., Kelly, C. M., Kitchener, B. A., Jorm, A. F., & Reavley, N. J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13978948
Self-citation
Additional file 3 of Development of mental health first-aid guidelines for depression: a Delphi expert consensus study in Argentina and Chile
Encina, E. P., Agrest, M., Tapia‐Muñoz, T., Vidal-Zamora, I., Ardila-Gómez, S. E., Alvarado, R., Leiderman, E. A., & Reavley, N. J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22626058
Additional file 2 of Development of mental health first-aid guidelines for a person after a potentially traumatic event: A Delphi expert consensus study in Argentina and Chile
Agrest, M., Tapia‐Muñoz, T., Encina, E. P., Vidal-Zamora, I., Ardila-Gómez, S. E., Alvarado, R., Leiderman, E. A., & Reavley, N. J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25633056
Additional file 4 of Development and early validation of questionnaires to assess system level factors affecting male partners’ attendance at childbirth in LMICs
Uhawenimana, T. C., Gray, N., Whitford, H., & McFadden, A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26582826
Additional file 5 of Offering mental health first aid to a person after a potentially traumatic event: a Delphi study to redevelop the 2008 guidelines
Chalmers, K., Jorm, A. F., Kelly, C. M., Reavley, N. J., Bond, K. S., Cottrill, F. A., & Wright, J. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13059520
Self-citation
Additional file 1 of Offering mental health first aid to a person experiencing psychosis: a Delphi study to redevelop the guidelines published in 2008
Cottrill, F. A., Bond, K. S., Blee, F., Kelly, C. M., Kitchener, B. A., Jorm, A. F., & Reavley, N. J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13978942
Self-citation
Additional file 2 of A Delphi study to explore clinician and lived experience perspectives on setting priorities in eating disorder services
Richards, K. L., Woolrych, I., Allen, K. L., & Schmidt, U. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20098379
Additional file 8 of Addressing help-seeking, stigma and risk factors for suicidality in secondary schools: short-term and mid-term effects of the HEYLiFE suicide prevention program in a randomized controlled trial
Grosselli, L., Knappe, S., Baumgärtel, J., Lewitzka, U., & Hoyer, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26665069
Additional file 2 of Development of mental health first aid guidelines for problem drinking: a Delphi expert consensus study in Argentina and Chile
Agrest, M., Tapia‐Muñoz, T., Encina, E., Wright, J., Ardila-Gómez, S., Alvarado, R., Leiderman, E. A., & Reavley, N. J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19166702
Additional file 1 of Development of an index system for the scientific literacy of medical staff: a modified Delphi study in China
Liang, S., Zhai, Z., Feng, X., Sun, X., Jiao, J., Gao, Y., & Meng, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26704776
Additional file 2 of Redevelopment of mental health first aid guidelines for substance use problems: a Delphi study
Wright, J., Chalmers, K., Rossetto, A., Reavley, N. J., Kelly, C. M., & Jorm, A. F. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26680547
Self-citation
Additional file 1 of Place of the partial dopamine receptor agonist aripiprazole in the management of schizophrenia in adults: a Delphi consensus study
Llorca, P., Nuss, P., Fakra, É., Alamome, I., Drapier, D., El‐Hage, W., Jardri, R., Mouchabac, S., Rabbani, M., Simon, N., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19918929
Additional file 1 of Redevelopment of mental health first aid guidelines for substance use problems: a Delphi study
Wright, J., Chalmers, K., Rossetto, A., Reavley, N. J., Kelly, C. M., & Jorm, A. F. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26680544
Self-citation
Additional file 1 of Development of Chinese mental health first aid guidelines for problem drinking: a Delphi expert consensus study
Li, W., Jorm, A. F., Wang, Y., Lu, S., He, Y., & Reavley, N. J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14609042
Self-citation
Additional file 3 of Redevelopment of mental health first aid guidelines for supporting someone experiencing a panic attack: a Delphi study
Chalmers, K., Rossetto, A., Reavley, N. J., Jorm, A. F., Kitchener, B. A., Kelly, C. M., Morgan, A. J., Bond, K. S., & Cottrill, F. A. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19914918
Self-citation
Additional file 2 of Cultural adaptation of the guidelines for offering mental health first aid to a person after a potentially traumatic event: a delphi expert consensus study in Brazil
Mendes, K. N., Peres, C. H. M., Cerqueira, A. V., Assumpção, T. A., Loch, A. A., & Reavley, N. J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21427601
Additional file 4 of Development of the Parental Experience with Care for Children with Serious Illnesses (PRECIOUS) quality of care measure
Ang, F. J. L., Gandhi, M., Østbye, T., Malhotra, C., Malhotra, R., Chong, P. H., Amin, Z., Chow, C., Tan, T. S. Z., Tewani, K. G., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26690659
Additional file 1 of How best to provide help to bereaved adolescents: a Delphi consensus study
Ross, A., Krysinska, K. E., Rickwood, D., Pirkis, J., & Andriessen, K. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17073435
Additional file 6 of Addressing help-seeking, stigma and risk factors for suicidality in secondary schools: short-term and mid-term effects of the HEYLiFE suicide prevention program in a randomized controlled trial
Grosselli, L., Knappe, S., Baumgärtel, J., Lewitzka, U., & Hoyer, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26665063
Additional file 2 of Offering mental health first aid to a person after a potentially traumatic event: a Delphi study to redevelop the 2008 guidelines
Chalmers, K., Jorm, A. F., Kelly, C. M., Reavley, N. J., Bond, K. S., Cottrill, F. A., & Wright, J. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13059511
Self-citation
Additional file 2 of Areas of consensus on unwarranted and warranted transfers between nursing homes and emergency care facilities in Norway: a Delphi study
Wiik, A. B., Doupe, M. B., Bakken, M. S., Kittang, B. R., Jacobsen, F. F., & Førland, O. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25485908
Additional file 2 of Development of an index system for the scientific literacy of medical staff: a modified Delphi study in China
Liang, S., Zhai, Z., Feng, X., Sun, X., Jiao, J., Gao, Y., & Meng, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26704779
Additional file 1 of Areas of consensus on unwarranted and warranted transfers between nursing homes and emergency care facilities in Norway: a Delphi study
Wiik, A. B., Doupe, M. B., Bakken, M. S., Kittang, B. R., Jacobsen, F. F., & Førland, O. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25485791

Authors: Jorm, A. F.
Affiliations: The University of Melbourne (AU)
Corresponding author: Jorm, Anthony F
ORCID: Jorm, Anthony F
Venue: Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2015-08-21
Volume: 49
Issue: 10
Pages: 887-897
ISSN: 0004-8674 (ISSN-L)
1440-1614
DOI: 10.1177/0004867415600891
OpenAlex: W2111751736
Cited by: 765
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 81 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 10.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Health and Medical Research Council
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Keywords: Delphi method, expert consensus, mental health research, wisdom of crowds, suicide prevention, research prioritization, relapse definition
MeSH terms: Consensus Development Conferences as Topic, Consensus Statements as Topic, Delphi Technique, Humans, Mental Health, Consensus, Biomedical Research

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Using the Delphi expert consensus method in mental health research

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