Introducing a Circular Economy: New Thinking with New Managerial and Policy Implications
Open accessAbstract
Since the industrial revolution, we have been living in a linear economy. Our consumer and “single use” lifestyles have made the planet a “take, make, dispose” world. This refers to a unidirectional model of production: natural resources provide our factory inputs, which are then used to create mass-produced goods to be purchased and, typically, disposed after a single use. This linear economy model of mass production and mass consumption is testing the physical limits of the globe. It is, therefore, unsustainable and a shift toward a circular economy is becoming inevitable.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
With population increase, demand for resource-intensive goods requires more than two planets worth of natural resources.
“hence with the increase in population] driving demand for resource-intensive goods requiring more than two planets worth of natural resources [8].”
From Digitisation and the Circular Economy: A Review of Current Research and Future Trends (2018) · cites this paper as [8]
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Principles for a sustainable circular economy
Velenturf, A. P. M., & Purnell, P. (2021) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2021.02.018 · Cited by 1,350 · see citing works
Hossain, M. U., Ng, S. T., Antwi-Afari, P., & Amor, B. (2020) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.109948 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Dancing the Supply Chain: Toward Transformative Supply Chain Management
Wieland, A. (2020) · Journal of Supply Chain Management · doi:10.1111/jscm.12248 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Designing business models in circular economy: A systematic literature review and research agenda
Centobelli, P., Cerchione, R., Chiaroni, D., Del Vecchio, P., & Urbinati, A. (2020) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2466 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Policies for transitioning towards a circular economy: Expectations from the European Union (EU)
Hartley, K., van Santen, R., & Kirchherr, J. (2020) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104634 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Jabbour, C. J. C., Seuring, S. A., Jabbour, A. B. L. D. S., Jugend, D., Fiorini, P. D. C., Latan, H., & Izeppi, W. C. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110416 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Ogunmakinde, O. E., Egbelakin, T., & Sher, W. (2021) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106023 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Drivers and approaches to the circular economy in manufacturing firms
Gusmerotti, N. M., Testa, F., Corsini, F., Pretner, G., & Iraldo, F. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.044 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Sustainability in the Circular Economy: Insights and Dynamics of Designing Circular Business Models
Awan, U., & Sroufe, R. P. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12031521 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Circular economy business models and operations management
Jabbour, A. B. L. D. S., Luiz, J. V. R., Luiz, O. R., Jabbour, C. J. C., Ndubisi, N. O., de Oliveira, J. H. C., & Hourneaux, F. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.349 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Circularity Brokers: Digital Platform Organizations and Waste Recovery in Food Supply Chains
Ciulli, F., Kolk, A., & Boe-Lillegraven, S. (2020) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-019-04160-5 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Digitisation and the Circular Economy: A Review of Current Research and Future Trends
Okorie, O., Salonitis, K., Charnley, F., Moreno, M., Turner, C., & Tiwari, A. (2018) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en11113009 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Green product attributes and green purchase behavior
Sharma, A. J., & Foropon, C. R. H. (2019) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-10-2018-1092 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Circular economy and resilience: A research agenda
Kennedy, S., & Linnenluecke, M. K. (2022) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3004 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
A systemic logic for circular business models
Fehrer, J. A., & Wieland, H. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.02.010 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Kazancoglu, I., Kazancoglu, Y., Yarimoglu, E., & Kahraman, A. (2020) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.2100 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Jiang, Z., Lyu, P., Ye, L., & Zhou, Y. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123044 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Circular economy and sustainability: The role of organizational behaviour in the transition journey
Bertassini, A. C., Ometto, A. R., Severengiz, S., & Gerólamo, M. C. (2021) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2796 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Sellitto, M. A., Camfield, C. G., & Buzuku, S. (2020) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2020.04.007 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Ranta, V., Keränen, J., & Aarikka‐Stenroos, L. (2019) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.10.007 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
de Abreu, M. C. S., & Ceglia, D. (2018) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.07.001 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Vaio, A. D., Hasan, S., Palladino, R., & Hassan, R. (2022) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-021-02078-5 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Circular business models: Current aspects that influence implementation and unaddressed subjects
Salvador, R., Barros, M. V., da Luz, L. M., Piekarski, C. M., & de Francisco, A. C. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119555 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Marrucci, L., Daddi, T., & Iraldo, F. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118268 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Kazançoğlu, İ., Kazançoğlu, Y., Kahraman, A., Yarımoğlu, E., & Soni, G. (2020) · International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications · doi:10.1080/13675567.2020.1846694 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Circular economy ecosystems: a typology, definitions, and implications
Aarikka‐Stenroos, L., Ritala, P., & Thomas, L. D. W. (2021) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781789906035.00024 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Green finance in circular economy: a literature review
Kumar, B., Kumar, L., Kumar, A., Kumari, R., Tagar, U., & Sassanelli, C. (2023) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-023-03361-3 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
de Lima, F. A., Seuring, S. A., & Sauer, P. C. (2021) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2021.1976859 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
de Morais, L. H. L., Pinto, D. C., & Cruz‐Jesus, F. (2021) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2021.01.019 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Aarikka‐Stenroos, L., Chiaroni, D., Kaipainen, J., & Urbinati, A. (2022) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2022.06.015 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Asgari, A., & Asgari, R. (2021) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2021.06.020 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Introduction to the special issue on the contested realities of the circular economy
Corvellec, H., Böhm, S., Stowell, A. F., & Valenzuela, F. J. (2020) · Culture and Organization · doi:10.1080/14759551.2020.1717733 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
A review of the circularity gap in the construction industry through scientometric analysis
Antwi-Afari, P., Ng, S. T., & Hossain, M. U. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126870 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Unpacking the circular economy: A problematizing review
Dzhengiz, T., Miller, E. M., Ovaska, J., & Patala, S. (2023) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/ijmr.12329 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Barriers to Blockchain Adoption in the Circular Economy: A Fuzzy Delphi and Best-Worst Approach
Rejeb, A., Rejeb, K., Keogh, J. G., & Zailani, S. H. M. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14063611 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Circular Economy Practices and Strategies in Public Sector Organizations: An Integrative Review
Klein, N., Ramos, T. B., & Deutz, P. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12104181 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Circular economy strategies on business modelling: Identifying the greatest influences
Salvador, R., Barros, M. V., Freire, F. M. C. S., Halog, A., Piekarski, C. M., & de Francisco, A. C. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126918 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Circular business models: level of maturity
Sehnem, S., Campos, L. M. D. S., Julkovski, D. J., & Cazella, C. F. (2019) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-07-2018-0844 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Barriers to sustainable sourcing in the apparel and fashion luxury industry
Bhandari, N., Garza‐Reyes, J. A., Rocha-Lona, L., Kumar, A., V, Naz, F., & Joshi, R. (2022) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2022.02.007 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Circular economy pillars: a semi-systematic review
Ogunmakinde, O. E., Sher, W., & Egbelakin, T. (2021) · Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy · doi:10.1007/s10098-020-02012-9 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Expanding Our Resources: Including Community in the Resource-Based View of the Firm
Gibson, C. B., Gibson, S. C., & Webster, Q. (2021) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206320987289 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Systemic building blocks for creating and capturing value from circular economy
Hopkinson, P., Angelis, R. D., & Zils, M. (2019) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104672 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Industry 4.0 as an enabler of circular economy practices: Evidence from European SMEs
Fındık, D., Tirgil, A., & Özbuğday, F. C. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137281 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Polycentric Governance of Privately Owned Resources in Circular Economy Systems
Patala, S., Albareda, L., & Halme, M. (2022) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12810 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Shaping Circular Service Ecosystems
Fehrer, J. A., Kemper, J. A., & Baker, J. J. (2023) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/10946705231188670 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Examining the role of procurement 4.0 towards remanufacturing operations and circular economy
Bag, S., Dhamija, P., Gupta, S., & Sivarajah, U. (2021) · Production Planning & Control · doi:10.1080/09537287.2020.1817602 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Näyhä, A. (2019) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2019.05.022 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Standardization Framework for Sustainability from Circular Economy 4.0
Ávila-Gutiérrez, M. J., Martín-Gómez, A. M., Aguayo-González, F., & Roldán, A. C. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11226490 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Le, T. T., Ferraris, A., & Dhar, B. K. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138806 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Franzò, S., Urbinati, A., Chiaroni, D., & Chiesa, V. (2021) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2892 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Research trends in innovation ecosystem and circular economy
Alka, T. A., Raghu Raman, R., & Suresh, M. (2024) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-024-00535-5 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Puglieri, F. N., Salvador, R., Romero‐Hernández, O., Filho, E. E., Piekarski, C. M., de Francisco, A. C., & Ometto, A. R. (2022) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3074 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
How can firms access bank finance for circular business model innovation?
Toxopeus, H. S., Achterberg, E., & Polzin, F. (2021) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2893 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The Sustainability of Waste Management Models in Circular Economies
Avilés-Palacios, C., & Rodríguez-Olalla, A. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13137105 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Baah, C., Afum, E., Agyabeng‐Mensah, Y., & Agyeman, D. O. (2021) · Circular Economy and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43615-021-00093-2 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Nogueira, L. A., Lindeløv, B., & Olsen, J. (2022) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3247 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Cahyadi, E. R., Hıdayatı, N., Zahra, N., & Arif, C. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16167165 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Circular Economy and Sustainability: A Systematic Literature Review
Lamata, M. G., & Martínez, M. P. L. (2022) · Cuadernos de Gestión · doi:10.5295/cdg.211492mg · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Chatzistamoulou, N., & Tyllianakis, E. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114457 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A Design Thinking Framework for Circular Business Model Innovation
Guldmann, E., Bocken, N. M. P., & Brezet, H. C. (2018) · Journal of Business Models · doi:10.5278/ojs.jbm.v7i1.2122 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Gandolfo, A., & Lupi, L. (2021) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2803 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Circular Economy and Central Bank Digital Currency
Ozili, P. K. (2022) · Circular Economy and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43615-022-00170-0 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Consumer Satisfaction towards Green Products: Empirical Insights from Romania
Lakatos, E. S., Nan, L.-M., Bacali, L., Ciobanu, G., Ciobanu, A. M., & Cioca, L. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su131910982 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Airlines practices to incorporate circular economy principles into the waste management system
Salesa, A., León, R., & Abadía, J. M. M. (2022) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.2365 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Saidani, M., Kendall, A. M., Yannou, B., Leroy, Y., & Cluzel, F. (2019) · Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management · doi:10.1007/s10163-019-00897-3 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Palea, V., Migliavacca, A., & Gordano, S. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119544 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Junaid, M., Du, J., Mubarik, M. S., & Shahzad, F. (2024) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3777 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Peronard, J.-P., & Ballantyne, A. G. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118010 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ambitious EV policy expedites the e-waste and socio-environmental impacts in India
Asokan, V. A., Teah, H. Y., Kawazu, E. C., & Hotta, Y. (2022) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106829 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Managing the Introduction of Circular Products: Evidence from the Beverage Industry
Urbinati, A., Chiaroni, D., & Toletti, G. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11133650 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Rincón-Moreno, J., Ormazábal, M., Alvarez, M. J., & Jaca, C. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12208423 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Wamba, S. F., Chakam, M. N. F., Mosconi, E. P., & Chai, J. (2023) · Annals of Operations Research · doi:10.1007/s10479-023-05386-3 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Predictive Maintenance for Remanufacturing Based on Hybrid-Driven Remaining Useful Life Prediction
Zhang, M., Amaitik, N., Wang, Z., Xu, Y., Maisuradze, A., Peschl, M., & Tzovaras, D. K. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12073218 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Novel entities and technologies: Environmental benefits and risks
Bierbaum, R., Leonard, S. A., Rejeski, D. W., Whaley, C., Barra, R. O., & Libre, C. (2019) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2019.11.002 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
How can international business research contribute towards the sustainable development goals?
Rygh, A., Chiarapini, E., & Segovia, M. V. (2021) · Critical Perspectives on International Business · doi:10.1108/cpoib-08-2020-0123 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Circular business models in biological cycles: The case of an Italian spin-off
de Angelis, R., & Feola, R. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119603 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Marchi, V. D., & Maria, E. D. (2020) · Knowledge management and organizational learning · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43589-9_7 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
External enablers for the circular economy: A case study of the food packaging industry
Nielsen, I. B., & Hakala, H. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137915 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Zhai, T., Wang, D., Zhang, Q., Saeidi, P., & Mishra, A. R. (2022) · Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja · doi:10.1080/1331677x.2022.2126991 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Agarwal, S., Tyagi, M., & Garg, R. K. (2022) · Industrial Robot the international journal of robotics research and application · doi:10.1108/ir-10-2021-0246 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Kuzma, E. L., & Sehnem, S. (2022) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3158 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Iqbal, A., Yasar, A., Tabinda, A. B., Haider, R., Sultan, I. A., Kedwaii, A. A., Chaudhary, M. M., Sheikh, M. M., & Nizami, A. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15076281 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Baldassarre, B., & Calabretta, G. (2023) · Circular Economy and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43615-023-00279-w · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Laureti, L., Massaro, A. S., Costantiello, A., & Leogrande, A. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15032160 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A defense of the circular economy
Kirchherr, J., Jones, M. P., Geissdoerfer, M., & Coffay, M. (2025) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.70128 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
An exploratory study on challenges of circular economy in the built environment in Oman
Alhosni, I. S., Amoudi, O., & Callaghan, N. (2020) · Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Management Procurement and Law · doi:10.1680/jmapl.19.00034 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Drăgan, G. B., Arfi, W. B., Tiberius, V., Ammari, A., & Ferasso, M. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114461 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A research model for circular business models–Antecedents, moderators, and outcomes
Pietrulla, F., & Frankenberger, K. (2022) · Sustainable Futures · doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2022.100084 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
When the business is circular and social: A dynamic grounded analysis in the clothing recycle
Costanza, F. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135216 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Circular Economy: A Transformative Service Perspective
Sönnichsen, S., de Jong, A., Clement, J., Maull, R., & Voss, C. (2024) · Journal of services research · doi:10.1177/10946705241229423 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Chatzistamoulou, N., & Koundouri, P. (2024) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-024-00849-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ruiter, H., Feijter, F. D., & Wagensveld, K. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14010366 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Scaling circular economy business models: A capability perspective
Acquier, A., Carbone, V., & Ezvan, C. (2024) · Business Ethics the Environment & Responsibility · doi:10.1111/beer.12658 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Shafiee, M., Charnley, F., & Encinas‐Oropesa, A. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14074244 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Circular Economy as Fictional Expectation to Overcome Societal Addictions. Where Do We Stand?
Angelis, R. D., & Ianulardo, G. (2020) · Philosophy of Management · doi:10.1007/s40926-020-00128-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Baldassarre, B., Maury, T., Tazi, N., Mathieux, F., & Sala, S. (2025) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108216 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Brazilian potential for circular fashion through strengthening local production
Galatti, L. G., & Baruque-Ramos, J. (2019) · SN Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42452-019-1487-z · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Enhancing Bioenergy Recovery from Agro-food Biowastes as a Strategy to Promote Circular Bioeconomy
Duarte, E., Fragoso, R. D. A., Smozinski, N., & Tavares, J. M. R. (2020) · Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy Water and Environment Systems · doi:10.13044/j.sdewes.d8.0320 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
de Lima, F. A. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133734 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Škare, M., Gavurová, B., & Kováč, V. (2023) · Journal of Innovation & Knowledge · doi:10.1016/j.jik.2023.100421 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
- Authors
- Esposito, M., Tse, T., & Soufani, K.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Venue
- California Management Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-03-13
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 5-19
- ISSN
- 0008-1256 (ISSN-L)
- 2162-8564
- OpenAlex
- W2801219242
- Cited by
- 314
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 42.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- California Management Review (publishedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Environmental Sustainability in Business
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Sustainable Industrial Ecology
- Keywords
- circular economy, linear economy, sustainable consumption, mass production, resource depletion, environmental sustainability, environmental policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
