The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reliability Generalization of Working Alliance Inventory Scale Scores
Abstract
Reliability generalization (RG) was used to study five versions of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI), including scores from 12 different scales. Sixty-seven internal consistency estimates, six interrater reliability estimates, and four study characteristics were analyzed. In general, reliability estimates of WAI scale scores appear to be robust. Mean reliability estimates ranged, in this sample of studies, from .79 to .97, with a modal estimate of .92. Variability in reliability estimates was, based on simple bivariate correlations, associated with client and therapist sample size for WAI total scores (observer version). Implications for measuring alliance using the WAI and conducting future RG studies on psychotherapy process measures are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The WAI-SR has been shown to have high internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s α of 0.91 [20, 38] and high reliability, with test-retest reliability of 0.93 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.97) [18].”
From Internet videoconferencing delivered cognitive behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“in terms of its construct validity, the WAI-SR exhibits high correlations with other measures of the therapeutic alliance, such as a correlation of 0.80 with the california psychotherapy alliance scale and a correlation of 0.74 with the helping alliance questionnaire (44).”
From Timing of imagery rescripting during schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: the LUCY trial (2023) · cites this paper as [44]
Citations
Cites
Cicchetti, D. V. (1994) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.284 · Cited by 9,349
The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance.
Bordin, E. S. (1979) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice · doi:10.1037/h0085885 · Cited by 5,238
Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory
Crocker, L. M., & Algina, J. J. (1986) · Cited by 5,090
Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An Integrated Approach.
Funk, S. G., Pedhazur, E. J., & Schmelkin, L. P. (1992) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290248 · Cited by 4,007
Development and validation of the working alliance inventory
Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0167.36.2.223 · Cited by 3,520
Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: a meta-analytic review
Martin, D. J., Garske, J. P., & Davis, M. K. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.68.3.438 · Cited by 3,355
Educational measurement, 3rd ed.
Linn, R. L. (1989) · Cited by 2,858
Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations.
Wilkinson, L., & Task Force on Statistical Inference (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.8.594 · Cited by 2,791
Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis
Horvath, A. O., & Symonds, B. D. (1991) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.38.2.139 · Cited by 2,673
American Educational Research Journal, 1964-1968
Vesta, F. J. D., & Grinder, R. E. (1968) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162008 · Cited by 2,606
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Fenton, L. R., 2001, Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 10, 262
- Hartley, D., 1983, Empirical studies of psychoanalytic theories, 1
- Hill, C. E., 2001, Handbookof counseling psychology, 670
- 10.1037/0022-0167.36.2.223 · DOI · Paper page
- Lambert, M. J., 1994, Handbookof psychotherapy and behavior change, 143
- 10.1037/0022-006X.68.3.438 · DOI · Paper page
- Rowley, G. L., 1976, American Educational Research Journal, 13, 51
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A meta-analytic examination of client–therapist perspectives of the working alliance
Tryon, G. S., Blackwell, S. C., & Hammel, E. F. (2007) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300701320611 · Cited by 286
Gifford, E. V., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., Pierson, H. M., Piasecki, M. P., Antonuccio, D. O., & Palm, K. M. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.002 · Cited by 200
Orford, J. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02092.x · Cited by 184
Reliability Generalization: Moving Toward Improved Understanding and Use of Score Reliability
Vacha‐Haase, T., Henson, R. K., & Caruso, J. C. (2002) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164402062004002 · Cited by 157
Two aspects of the therapeutic alliance: Differential relations with depressive symptom change.
Webb, C. A., DeRubeis, R. J., Amsterdam, J. D., Shelton, R. C., Hollon, S. D., & Dimidjian, S. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023252 · Cited by 150
Metadata
- Authors
- Hanson, W. E., Curry, K. T., & Bandalos, D. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hanson, William E.
- ORCID
- Bandalos, Deborah L.
- Venue
- Educational and Psychological Measurement
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2002-08
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 659-673
- ISSN
- 0013-1644 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3888
- OpenAlex
- W2122193551
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Educational and Psychological Measurement (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Keywords
- Working Alliance Inventory, therapeutic relationship, reliability generalization, internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, scale scores, observer ratings
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
