Response Sets and Test Validity
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Forced scales mitigate acquiescence bias.
“Forced scales have been demonstrated to mitigate the acquiescence bias, a phenomenon wherein respondents are predisposed to concur with statements regardless of their content [29].”
From User Intentions to Use ChatGPT for Self-Diagnosis and Health-Related Purposes: Cross-sectional Survey Study (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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- Authors
- Cronbach, L. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cronbach, Lee J.
- Venue
- Educational and Psychological Measurement
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1946-12
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 475-494
- ISSN
- 0013-1644 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3888
- OpenAlex
- W1897007643
- Cited by
- 898
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 1.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Educational and Psychological Measurement (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- response sets, test validity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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