A Report on the 40-Year Follow-Up of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking: Alive and Well in the New Millennium
Abstract
This article updates information about the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) by reporting on predictive validity data from the most recent data collection point in Torrance’s longitudinal studies. First, we outline the background of the tests and changes in scoring over the years. Then, we detail the results of the analyses of the 40-year follow-up on the TTCT resulting in a structural equation model, which demonstrates the validity of the TTCT for predicting creative achievement 40 years after its administration. Finally, we provide a rationale for the relevance of the test in schools today.
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The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) is the most internationally used instrument for the assessment of creativity.
“The Torrance (1974) Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) is the most internationally used instrument for the assessment of creativity (e.g., Cramond, Matthews-Morgan, Bandalos & Zuo, 2005;Ferrando et al., 2007;Kaufman, Plucker & Baer, 2008;Kim, Cramond & Bandalos, 2006;Krumm & Lemos, 2010, 2011;Krumm, Lemos & Ar an Filippetti, 2014;Oliveira et al., 2009;Prieto et al., 2006;Wechsler, 2006).”
From Factor Structure of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking Verbal Form B in a Spanish‐speaking Population (2016) · cites this paper as Cramond, Matthews-Morgan, Bandalos & Zuo, 2005
Cites
Is the proof in the pudding? Reanalyses of Torrance׳s (1958 to present) longitudinal data
Plucker, J. A. (1999) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1202_3 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Examination of the Fourth Grade Slump in Creativity
Torrance, E. P. (1968) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/001698626801200401 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
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The road to creative achievement: a latent variable model of ability and personality predictors
Jauk, E., Benedek, M., & Neubauer, A. C. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1941 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
“Further studies dealing with Torrance’s data reported that creative potential and intelligence were significant predictors of creative achievement in a 40-year follow-up (Cramond et al., 2005).”
BackgroundThe Importance of Domain-Specific Expertise in Creativity
Baer, J. (2015) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783193.2015.1047480 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Organisciak, P., Acar, S., Dumas, D., & Berthiaume, K. (2023) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101356 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Individual differences in creative cognition.
Dygert, S. K. C., & Jarosz, A. F. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000713 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Krumm, G., Aranguren, M., Arán Filippetti, V., & Lemos, V. (2016) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.76 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cramond, B., Matthews-Morgan, J., Bandalos, D., & Zuo, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Georgia (US)
- United Nations (US)
- ORCID
- Bandalos, Deborah
- Venue
- Gifted Child Quarterly
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 283-291
- ISSN
- 0016-9862 (ISSN-L)
- 1934-9041
- OpenAlex
- W2145691339
- Cited by
- 318
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 2.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Gifted Child Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, predictive validity, longitudinal follow-up, structural equation modeling, gifted education, creativity assessment
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