Perfect Timing: Urgency, Not Driving Situations, Influence the Best Timing to Activate Warnings
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of different driving scenarios (urban, rural, highway) on the timing required by drivers from a two-stage warning system, based on car-to-car communication. BACKGROUND: Car-to-car communication systems are designed to inform drivers of potential hazards at an early stage, before they are visible to them. Here, questions arise as to how drivers acknowledge early warnings and when they should be informed (first stage) and warned (second stage). Hence, optimum timing for presenting the information was tested. METHOD: A psychophysical method was used to establish the optimum timing in three driving scenarios at different speed limits (urban: 50 km/h, rural: 100 km/h, highway: 130 km/h). A total of 24 participants (11 female, 13 male; M = 29.1 years, SD = 11.6 years) participated in the study. RESULTS: The results showed that the optimum timing did not differ among the three scenarios.The first and second stages should ultimately be presented at different timings at each speed limit (first stage: 26.5 s, second stage: 12.1 s before a potential hazard). CONCLUSION: The results showed that well-selected timing for activating information and warning is crucial for the acceptance of these systems. Appropriate timing for presenting the information and warning can be derived for these systems. APPLICATION: The findings will be integrated in further development of assistance systems based on car-to-x technology within the Car2X-Safety project of the Niedersächsisches Forschungszentrum Fahrzeugtechnik in Germany.This study was also supported by Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden.
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RADAR sensors are often used in adaptive cruise control (ACC), in traffic jam assistance systems, and to assess distance and angle information about traffic objects.
“They are often used in adaptive cruise control (ACC), in traffic jam assistance systems, and to assess distance and angle information about traffic objects [78,79].”
From Sensor-Based Prognostic Health Management of Advanced Driver Assistance System for Autonomous Vehicles: A Recent Survey (2022) · cites this paper as [79]
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Raouf, I., Khan, A., Khalid, S., Sohail, M., Azad, M. M., & Kim, H. S. (2022) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math10183233 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Werneke, J., Kleen, A., & Vollrath, M.
- Affiliations
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- Volkswagen Group (Germany) (DE)
- Technische Universität Braunschweig (DE)
- ORCID
- Vollrath, Mark
- Venue
- Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-06-11
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 249-259
- ISSN
- 0018-7208 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-8181
- OpenAlex
- W2100332854
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 5.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Chalmers Publication Library (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality › Traffic and Road Safety
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
- Keywords
- vehicle-to-vehicle communication, warning timing, urban driving, rural driving, highway driving, speed limits, driver acceptance
- MeSH terms
- Accidents, Traffic, Adult, Attention, Automobile Driving, Automobiles, Computer Simulation, Equipment Design, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Protective Devices, Radar, Reaction Time, Young Adult
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