“The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015”
Abstract
To monitor trends in alternative work arrangements, the authors conducted a version of the Contingent Worker Survey as part of the RAND American Life Panel in late 2015. Their findings point to a rise in the incidence of alternative work arrangements in the US economy from 1995 to 2015. The percentage of workers engaged in alternative work arrangements—defined as temporary help agency workers, on-call workers, contract workers, and independent contractors or freelancers—rose from 10.7% in February 2005 to possibly as high as 15.8% in late 2015. Workers who provide services through online intermediaries, such as Uber or TaskRabbit, accounted for 0.5% of all workers in 2015. Of the workers selling goods or services directly to customers, approximately twice as many reported finding customers through off-line intermediaries than through online intermediaries.
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The rise of superstar firms and decline in the labor share appears to be related to changes in the boundaries of large dominant employers, with such firms increasingly using domestic outsourcing to contract a wider range of activities previously done in-house to third party firms and independent workers.
“The rise of superstar firms and decline in the labor share also appears to be related to changes in the boundaries of large dominant employers, with such firms increasingly using domestic outsourcing to contract a wider range of activities previously done in-house to third party firms and independent workers.”
From The Fall of the Labor Share and the Rise of Superstar Firms* (2020) · cites this paper as Katz and Krueger, 2019
Cites
Coase, R. H. (1937) · Economica · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x · Cited by 23,972 · see citing works
Dube, A., & Kaplan, E. (2010) · ILR Review · doi:10.1177/001979391006300206 · Cited by 203 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Columns (4) to (6) present the corresponding regressions with the 2015 RPCWS data (although the 16See Goldschmidt and Schmieder (2017) and Dube and Kaplan (2010) for longitudinal evidence on the (approximately 10”
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The Fall of the Labor Share and the Rise of Superstar Firms*
Autor, D., Dorn, D., Katz, L. F., Patterson, C., & Van Reenen, J. (2020) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjaa004 · Cited by 2,206 · see citing works
Self-citationDuggan, J., Sherman, U., Carbery, R., & McDonnell, A. (2020) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12258 · Cited by 1,050 · see citing works
Working on my own: Measuring the challenges of gig work
Caza, B. B., Reid, E. M., Ashford, S. J., & Granger, S. (2022) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/00187267211030098 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Precarious work in the 21st century: A psychological perspective
Allan, B. A., Autin, K. L., & Wilkins-Yel, K. G. (2021) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103491 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
“‘Making out’ While Driving: Relational and Efficiency Games in the Gig Economy.”
Cameron, L. D. (2022) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2021.1547 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Waldkirch, M., Bucher, E., Schou, P. K., & Grünwald, E. (2021) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2021.1914129 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Making it Work, or Not: A Longitudinal Study of Career Trajectories Among Online Freelancers
Blaising, A., Kotturi, Y., Kulkarni, C., & Dabbish, L. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3432925 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Solomon, S., & Du Plessis, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.960649 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Voice in non-traditional employment relationships: a review and future research directions
Oyetunde, K., Prouska, R., & McKearney, A. (2022) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2021.1964093 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Katz, L. F., & Krueger, A. B.
- Affiliations
- National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
- Corresponding author
- Krueger, Alan B.
- Venue
- ILR Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-12-19
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 382-416
- ISSN
- 0019-7939 (ISSN-L)
- 2162-271X
- OpenAlex
- W2903674918
- Cited by
- 589
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 118 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 102.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Industrial and Labor Relations Review (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Industrial Relations Section, Princeton University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Economy and Work Transformation
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Employment, Labor, and Gender Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Labor market dynamics and wage inequality
- Keywords
- alternative work arrangements, contingent employment, contract workers, independent contractors, freelancers, online intermediaries, gig economy, platform work, labor market trends, United States
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