Making it Work, or Not: A Longitudinal Study of Career Trajectories Among Online Freelancers
Open accessAbstract
Online freelancing is growing rapidly. However, despite this rapid growth, we have a limited understanding of online freelancers' long-term experiences and evolution, or how online freelancing influences freelancers' broader career goals. To address this gap, we interviewed a set of online freelancers at two time periods, two and a half years apart. We found that long-term engagement with online freelancing involves a unique set of financial, emotional, relational, and reputational burdens that represent the overhead of maintaining an online freelancing career. We found that this overhead influenced online freelancers' participation and perceptions of online freelancing over time, as well as the strategies some freelancers employed to manage their careers. Our findings further highlight how online freelance platforms can afford unique career development opportunities over a longer period of time, including career exploration and transition, entrepreneurial training and reputation, and skills transfer. Based on our findings, we present policy and design implications to increase the sustainability and accessibility of online freelancing.
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It is hard for gig workers to transfer their experience and reputation across platforms.
“Blaising et al. (2021) pointed out another kind of barrier -it is hard for gig workers to transfer their experience and reputation across platforms.”
From Socio‐technical issues in the platform‐mediated gig economy: A systematic literature review: An Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) paper (2024) · cites this paper as Blaising et al., 2021
Lack of information took forms including lack of direct guidance or mentorship for gig workers joining the platform, absence of information that could be provided by clients, reasons for canceling the order, and intentionally omitted key information about their businesses or tasks.
“It took several different forms, including, for example, a lack of direct guidance or mentorship for gig workers joining the platform (Blaising et al., 2021; Kost et al., 2020), the absence of information that could be provided by clients, reasons for canceling the order, and the intentionally omitted key information about their businesses or tasks (Mäntymäki et al., 2019; Prabhat et al., 2019).”
From Socio‐technical issues in the platform‐mediated gig economy: A systematic literature review: An Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) paper (2024) · cites this paper as Blaising et al., 2021
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Kim, P., Lewandowski, T., Dunn, M., & Sawyer, S. (2026) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3816979 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Moderating the Workplace: Governing Communication Channels for Platform Workers
Kusk, K., Nouwens, M., & Lee, M. K. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790554 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Xiao, L., Mahamed, M., & Bidin, R. B. H. (2023) · Studies in Media and Communication · doi:10.11114/smc.v11i7.6385
Trajectories of precariousness of tuk-tuk drivers in Portugal
Roque, I. M. B., do Carmo, R. M., Caleiras, J., & de Assis, R. V. (2024) · Work Organisation Labour & Globalisation · doi:10.13169/workorgalaboglob.18.2.176
Risk Management in Freelance Translation: Mitigating Uncertainty in Client Relationships
Al-Tarawneh, A. (2025) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-77925-1_32
Questrion: Online freelancing portal using hybrid matching algorithm
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Stuck in the Loop of Unemployment
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Skill Recommendation based on Real-World Task Market Logs: A Case Study
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FREELANCE AS A SPECIAL FORM OF EMPLOYMENT AND LABOR RELATIONS IN MODERN CONDITIONS
Юрчик, Г. (2025) · Social Economics · doi:10.26565/2524-2547-2025-69-06
Platform Economy: Temporary Workplace, Permanent Emotion
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Care Workers' Risk Work: How Nannies Manage Invisible Threats in Employers' Homes
Jeong, S., Lee, J., Lee, M. A., & Chen, Y. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791901
Upskilling with Generative AI: Practices and Challenges for Freelance Knowledge Workers
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Improving Competitiveness: A Freelancer-Centric Approach for Recommending Reskilling Strategies
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- Authors
- Blaising, A., Kotturi, Y., Kulkarni, C., & Dabbish, L.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
- Published
- 2021-01-05
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- CSCW3
- Pages
- 1-29
- ISSN
- 2573-0142 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3119277565
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 11.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Economy and Work Transformation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing
- Keywords
- online freelancing, freelancers, career development, freelancing platforms, career change, career exploration, entrepreneurship education, professional reputation, skill transfer, long-term engagement, platform design
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