Beneficial and detrimental effects of genetic explanations for addiction
Open accessAbstract
Background: Addictions are highly stigmatized and increasingly construed as biomedical diseases caused by genes, partly to reduce stigma by deflecting blame. However, genetic explanations may have negative effects, which have been understudied in the context of addiction. How the effects of genetic explanations might differ for substance addictions versus behavioral addictions is also unknown. Aims: This study examined the impact of genetic explanations for addiction on measures of treatment expectancies, blame, and perceived agency and self-control, as well as whether these varied depending on whether the addiction was to a substance or a behavior. Methods: Participants read about a person (‘Charlie’) with either alcohol use disorder or gambling disorder, receiving either a genetic or nongenetic explanation of Charlie’s problem. They rated how much they blamed Charlie for his disorder, his likelihood of benefitting from medication or psychotherapy, and how much agency and self-control they ascribed to him. Results: Compared to the nongenetic explanation, the genetic explanation reduced blame and increased confidence in the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy. However, it also decreased the expected effectiveness of psychotherapy and reduced ascriptions of agency and self-control. Conclusion: Genetic explanations for addiction appear to be a ‘double-edged sword’, with beneficial effects that come at a cost.
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The brain-disease model can reduce blame but may also decrease hope for recovery and increase perceptions of dangerousness.
“Other studies caution that while the brain-disease model can reduce blame, it may also decrease hope for recovery and increase perceptions of dangerousness.”
From Beyond Stigma–Integrating Neurobiology, Genetics, and Awareness Integration Theory in Addiction Recovery (2026) · cites this paper as [86]
The Discussion (page not provided) reports that genetic explanations of addiction reduced blame, but also lowered perceived agency to overcome addiction and confidence in psychotherapy—findings related to hope for recovery. The study tested genetic explanations rather than the brain-disease model broadly, and the passages do not support the claim about increased perceptions of dangerousness. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Lebowitz, M. S., & Appelbaum, P. S.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lebowitz, Matthew S
- Venue
- International Journal of Social Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-10-23
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 717-723
- ISSN
- 0020-7640 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2854
- PMC
- PMC5693609
- OpenAlex
- W2765795123
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 2.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Social Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Human Genome Research Institute (P50HG007257, RM1HG007257)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Keywords
- addiction stigma, blame attribution, perceived agency, self-control, treatment expectancy, pharmacotherapy effectiveness, psychotherapy effectiveness, substance use disorders, gambling addiction, behavioral addiction, genetic determinism
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Attitude to Health, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotherapy, Behavior, Addictive, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult, Social Stigma
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