Gambling Disorder and Other Behavioral Addictions: Recognition and Treatment
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Addiction professionals and the public are recognizing that certain nonsubstance behaviors--such as gambling, Internet use, video-game playing, sex, eating, and shopping--bear resemblance to alcohol and drug dependence. Growing evidence suggests that these behaviors warrant consideration as nonsubstance or "behavioral" addictions and has led to the newly introduced diagnostic category "Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders" in DSM-5. At present, only gambling disorder has been placed in this category, with insufficient data for other proposed behavioral addictions to justify their inclusion. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of behavioral addictions, describes treatment considerations, and addresses future directions. Current evidence points to overlaps between behavioral and substance-related addictions in phenomenology, epidemiology, comorbidity, neurobiological mechanisms, genetic contributions, responses to treatments, and prevention efforts. Differences also exist. Recognizing behavioral addictions and developing appropriate diagnostic criteria are important in order to increase awareness of these disorders and to further prevention and treatment strategies.
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Both pharmacological and psychological treatments have been suggested for Internet-use disorders, similar to what is recommended for gambling disorder and other behavioral addictions, and initial studies suggest varying degrees of efficacy.
“Both pharmacological and psychological treatments have been suggested, similar to what is recommended for gambling disorder and other behavioral addictions (e.g., Grant et al., 2013;Yau and Potenza, 2015), and initial studies suggest varying degrees of efficacy (Cash et al., 2012;Santos et al., 2016;Winkler et al., 2013;Young, 2013).”
From Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model (2016) · cites this paper as Yau and Potenza, 2015
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Imaging of Brain Dopamine Pathways
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Olanzapine in the Treatment of Pathological Gambling
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Distorted expectancy coding in problem gambling: is the addictive in the anticipation?
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Amphetamine Primes Motivation to Gamble and Gambling-Related Semantic Networks in Problem Gamblers
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Addictions and Personality Traits: Impulsivity and Related Constructs
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Self-citationA voxel-based morphometry study comparing problem gamblers, alcohol abusers, and healthy controls
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The effect of pathological gambling on families, marriages, and children
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A family study of pathological gambling
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Pathological Gambling and Substance Use Disorders
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Little Use of Treatment Among Problem Gamblers
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Compulsive features in behavioural addictions: the case of pathological gambling
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Self-citationComparison of Craving Between Pathological Gamblers and Alcoholics
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Self-citationParoxetine treatment of pathological gambling: a multi-centre randomized controlled trial
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Altered CSF 5-HIAA Disposition in Pathologic Male Gamblers
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Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders
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Genetic aspects of pathological gambling: a complex disorder with shared genetic vulnerabilities.
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Extensive abnormality of brain white matter integrity in pathological gambling
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Genetic and Environmental Influences on Disordered Gambling in Men and Women
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Three cases of compulsive buying treated with naltrexone
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A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate for pathological gambling
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Self-citationGenome‐wide association study of a quantitative disordered gambling trait
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The neural bases of cognitive processes in gambling disorder
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Self-citationTreatment of Gambling Disorders
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Self-citationHow central is dopamine to pathological gambling or gambling disorder?
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Self-citationNeurobiological considerations in understanding behavioral treatments for pathological gambling.
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Self-citationNaltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence
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Self-citationSerotonin 1B receptor imaging in pathological gambling
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Self-citationPathological gambling and DNA polymorphic markers at MAO-A and MAO-B genes
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Phenomenology and treatment of behavioural addictions
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Gamblers Anonymous and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies for Pathological Gamblers
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Couple recovery from sexual addiction / co addiction: Results of a survey of 88 marriages
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Internet-based treatment of pathological gambling with a three-year follow-up
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Motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in pathologic skin picking
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A scale-free systems theory of motivation and addiction
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Self-citationSelf-Reported Psychopathology in Polydrug Users
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Genetic contribution to pathological gambling
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Pathological Gambling: Neuropsychopharmacology and Treatment
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Self-citationOn Cue: Striatal Ups and Downs in Addictions
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Commonalities in the Psychological Factors Associated with Problem Gambling and Internet Dependence
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The current status and future direction of self-help treatments for problem gamblers.
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12-Month Follow-Up Study of Drug Treatment in Pathological Gamblers
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The Treatment of Pathologic Gambling
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Self-citationYohimbine-Induced Amygdala Activation in Pathological Gamblers: A Pilot Study
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Youth gambling: A public health perspective
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Noradrenergic function in pathological gambling: blunted growth hormone response to clonidine
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Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease: Background and Update On Prevention and Management
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- [187]Grinols EL Gambling in America Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2009
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Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis
Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)00104-8 · Cited by 3,698 · see citing works
Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033 · Cited by 2,153 · see citing works
Self-citationInternet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review
Paulus, F. W., Ohmann, S., von Gontard, A., & Popow, C. (2018) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.13754 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
“Recent research describes neurobiological anomalies in pathological gamers such as altered grey matter volume, functional connectivity, and activation in specific brain regions (especially the ventromedial prefrontal cortex) and neurobiological correlates to disorder-specific behaviours and symptoms.(92) It is not cle…”
BackgroundEthics of the Attention Economy: The Problem of Social Media Addiction
Bhargava, V. R., & Velasquez, M. (2021) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.1017/beq.2020.32 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“1 Yet some researchers argue that addictions do not involve compulsion (Heyman, 2009; Schaler, 2000) and others that addictions need not involve a habit-forming substance (Rosenberg & Feder, 2014; Yau & Potenza, 2015).”
BackgroundNeuroscience of Internet Pornography Addiction: A Review and Update
Love, T., Laier, C., Brand, M., Hatch, L., & Hajela, R. (2015) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs5030388 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
“Yau, Potenza, Mayes and Crowley [151] employed a Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), and reported lower feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P300 amplitudes in “at risk problematic Internet users” compared to controls.”
BackgroundInfluentialDresp, B., & Hutt, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116910 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“Research on the etiology and particular symptoms of digital addiction [6,7], by comparison with other behavioral addictions [3], is focused on sleep and mood disorders and recognizes that there are clear similarities in this regard between substance or behavioral addictions [3], including digital addiction [7].”
BackgroundMajuri, J., Joutsa, J., Johansson, J. J., Voon, V., Alakurtti, K., Parkkola, R. K., Lahti, T. A., Alho, H., Hirvonen, J., Arponen, E., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.265 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“A number of other phenotypically distinct behaviors have overlapping characteristics, including binge eating disorder (BED), compulsive sexual behaviors, and compulsive shopping (Yau and Potenza, 2015).”
Granero, R., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Gearhardt, A. N., Agüera, Z., Aymamí, N., Gómez‐Peña, M., Lozano‐Madrid, M., Mallorquí‐Bagué, N., Mestre‐Bach, G., Neto-Antao, M. I., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00208 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Exposure to conditions of uncertainty promotes the pursuit of amphetamine
Mascia, P., Neugebauer, N. M., Brown, J., Bubula, N., Nesbitt, K. M., Kennedy, R. T., & Vezina, P. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0099-4 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Kim, K., Lee, H., Hong, J. P., Cho, M. J., D, M. F. M., Mischoulon, D., Kim, D. J., & Jeon, H. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174619 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Treatment modalities for patients with gambling disorder
Choi, S., Shin, Y. C., Kim, D., Choi, J., Kim, S., Kim, S.-H., & Youn, H. (2017) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-017-0146-2 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Qin, K., Zhang, F., Chen, T., Li, L., Li, W., Suo, X., Lei, D., Kemp, G. J., & Gong, Q. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00006 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Del Prete, F., Steward, T., Navas, J. F., Fernández-Aranda, F., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Oei, T. P. S., & Perales, J. C. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.001 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is regarded as being effective at treating GD (Oei, Raylu, & Casey 2010; Raylu & Oei, 2010, 2016; Yau & Potenza, 2015), though relapse and dropout rates in such interventions remain high (Aragay et al., 2015).”
BackgroundPathways Relating the Neurobiology of Attachment to Drug Addiction
Strathearn, L., Mertens, C. E., Mayes, L. C., Rutherford, H. J. V., Rajhans, P., Xu, G., Potenza, M. N., & Kim, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00737 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“In addition to substance addiction, behavioral addictions to activities such as gambling, gaming and potentially other behaviors (sex, specific types and patterns of internet use) share parallel features with substance addictions: 1) continuing engagement in the addictive behavior despite adverse outcomes; 2) compulsi…”
BackgroundSelf-citationHarm inflation: Making sense of concept creep
Haslam, N., Dakin, B. C., Fabiano, F., McGrath, M. J., Rhee, J. J.-S., Vylomova, E., Weaving, M., & Wheeler, M. A. (2020) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2020.1796080 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“…addiction to include “behavioural” addictions (e.g., gambling and internet addictions) has prompted a flurry of research into treatment options, which has found that a range of psychosocial treatments can be successfully used to treat gambling, internet, and sexual addictions (Yau & Potenza, 2015).”
BackgroundSigerson, L., Li, A. Y.-L., Cheung, M. W. ‐., & Cheng, C. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.041 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“…researchers are still uncertain whether behavioral and substance addictions are manifestations of one syndrome or two separate types of addiction (Yau & Potenza, 2015), in both cases, we would expect more common-alities between two behavioral addictions than those between a behavioral and a…”
BackgroundDimensions of Impulsivity in Gambling Disorder
Mestre‐Bach, G., Steward, T., Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Mena-Moreno, T., Vintró‐Alcaraz, C., Lozano‐Madrid, M., Menchón, J. M., Potenza, M. N., & Jiménez‐Múrcia, S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57117-z · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationEfrati, Y., Kolubinski, D. C., Marino, C., & Spada, M. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073820 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“These can eventually have considerable adverse effects on an individual’s social, financial, and legal situation [2].”
BackgroundBeneficial and detrimental effects of genetic explanations for addiction
Lebowitz, M. S., & Appelbaum, P. S. (2017) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764017737573 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“For example, AUD is much more prevalent in the general population than GD (Grant et al., 2015; Yau & Potenza, 2015), so clinicians are likely to have had more experience treating the former than the latter, and exposure to concrete exemplars of a disorder can make clinicians less receptive to…”
BackgroundCurrie, S. R., Hodgins, D. C., Casey, D. M., el‐Guebaly, N., Smith, G. J., Williams, R. J., & Schopflocher, D. (2017) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13909 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
From Reward to Anhedonia-Dopamine Function in the Global Mental Health Context
Dresp, B. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11092469 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Behavioral addictions in addiction medicine
Banz, B. C., Yip, S. W., Yau, Y. H. C., & Potenza, M. N. (2015) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.08.003 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Reward circuitry, cognitive control, cue reactivity, and craving fMRI tasks have implicated some similar brain regions in PIU and substance-use disorders (reviewed in van Rooij and Prause, 2014; Yau and Potenza, 2015; Yau et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHouéto, J., Magnard, R., Dalley, J. W., Belin, D., & Carnicella, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00091 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Tremblay, M., Silveira, M. M., Kaur, S., Hosking, J. G., Adams, W. K., Baunez, C., & Winstanley, C. A. (2016) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13332 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Other drugs that work on the opioid, serotonin or glutamatergic systems have also been suggested as potential treatments for drugs and behavioural addiction disorders, some with promising results (see Leung & Cottler, 2009; Yau & Potenza, 2015 for review).”
BackgroundMallorquí‐Bagué, N., Mestre‐Bach, G., Lozano‐Madrid, M., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Granero, R., Vintró‐Alcaraz, C., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Steward, T., Gómez‐Peña, M., Aymamí, N., et al. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.07.006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kotera, Y., & Rhodes, C. (2019) · Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity The Journal of Treatment and Prevention · doi:10.1080/10720162.2019.1615585 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Compared with other neuropsychiatric disorders, treatment for sex addiction is still underdeveloped (Rosenberg, Carnes, & O’Connor, 2014; Yau & Potenza, 2015).”
BackgroundSherer, J., & Levounis, P. (2022) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-022-01351-2 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Source: American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.) [37]; World Health Organization (2018) International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th Revision).”
eHealth Intervention for Problematic Internet Use (PIU)
Lam, L. T.-M., & Lam, M. K. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0747-5 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Food Addiction in Gambling Disorder: Frequency and Clinical Outcomes
Jiménez-Murcia, S., Granero, R., Wolz, I., Baño, M., Mestre-Bach, G., Steward, T., Agüera, Z., Hinney, A., Diéguez, C., Casanueva, F., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00473 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…| www.frontiersin.org 2 April 2017 | Volume 8 | Article 473 neural and psychological underpinnings (Cenci et al., 2015; Engel and Cáceda, 2015; Yau and Potenza, 2015; Grant et al., 2016), particularly with regard to (a) cognitive dysfunction manifested in the form of impulsivity and…”
BackgroundGambling Sponsorship and Advertising in British Football: A Critical Account
Jones, C., Pinder, R., & Robinson, G. M. (2019) · Sport Ethics and Philosophy · doi:10.1080/17511321.2019.1582558 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…and ‘gambling disorder’ has now been included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).7 Gambling disorder can be described as persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behaviour leading to clinically significant impairment or distress (Yau and Potenza 2015).”
BackgroundUnderstanding the genetics and neurobiological pathways behind addiction (Review)
Popescu, A., Marian, M., Drăgoi, A. M., & Costea, R. (2021) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2021.9976 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Young adults' online shopping addiction: The role of self‐regulation and smartphone use
Nyrhinen, J., Lonka, K., Sirola, A., Ranta, M., & Wilska, T. (2023) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12961 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Psychological intervention for gambling disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Eriksen, J. W., Fiskaali, A., Zachariae, R. H., Wellnitz, K. B., Oernboel, E., Stenbro, A. W., Marcussen, T., & Petersen, M. W. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2023.00034 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Benarous, X., Morales, P., Mayer-Benarous, H., Iancu, C., Edel, Y., & Cohen, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00336 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Zhang, M., Fan, C. G., Ma, L., Wang, H., Zu, Z., Lin-xi, Y., Chen, F., Wei, W., & Li, X. (2024) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2023-101355 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Additionally, when considering individuals with addictive disorders, their struggles with controlling impulses and breaking psychological dependencies 50 often severely impede their capability to adhere dili-gently to and successfully conclude online therapeutic programmes.”
BackgroundKing, A., Wong-Padoongpatt, G., Barrita, A. M., Phung, D., & Tong, T. (2020) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2020.1803461 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Ndasauka, Y., Hou, J., Chen, J., Yang, L. Z., Wang, Y., Han, L., Bu, J., Zhang, P., Zhou, Y., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00675 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Growing Health Concern Regarding Gambling Addiction in the Age of Sportsbooks
Yeola, A., Allen, M. R., Desai, N., Poliak, A., Yang, K. H., Smith, D. M., & Ayers, J. W. (2025) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.8193 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Bina, R. W., & Langevin, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00300 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Non-substance addictive behaviors, are becoming increasingly recognized as legitimate disorders (Potenza, 2015; Yau and Potenza, 2015; Banz et al., 2016; Gendreau and Potenza, 2016; Kraus et al., 2016; Mann et al., 2016; Fauth-Bühler et al., 2017) and the DSM V has included gambling with “Substance-Related and Addicti…”
BackgroundBehavioral Addictions: Some Developmental Considerations
Derevensky, J. L. (2019) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-019-00257-z · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Abijo, T., Blum, K., & Gondré‐Lewis, M. C. (2019) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x17666191118125702 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Song, K., Zhou, N., Potenza, M. N., Zhang, J., & Dong, G. (2022) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110574 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationWorkaholism, Motivation, and Addiction in the Workplace: A Critical Review and Implications for HRD
Kim, S. (2019) · Human Resource Development Review · doi:10.1177/1534484319845164 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Claesdotter‐Knutsson, E., André, F., Fridh, M., Delfin, C., Håkansson, A., & Lindström, M. (2021) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/30889 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Associations between problematic internet use and substance misuse among US college students
Qeadan, F., Egbert, J., & English, K. C. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107327 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Vaccaro, A. G., & Potenza, M. N. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00405 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationFocusing on the Opioid System for Addiction Biomarker Discovery
Belzeaux, R., Lalanne, L., Kieffer, B. L., & Lutz, P.-E. (2018) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2017.12.004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Jeromin, F., Rief, W., & Barke, A. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.5.2016.075 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“There are similarities between IGD and Substance Use Disorder, as well as Gambling Disorder, with regard to symptoms, comorbidities, genetics, responses to treatments, neurobiologicalmechanisms, and attentional processes (Brand & Laier, 2013; Yau & Potenza, 2015; Zhang et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAnimal models in addiction research: A dimensional approach
Lamontagne, S. J., & Olmstead, M. C. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.005 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A research plan to define Canada’s first low-risk gambling guidelines
Currie, S. R., the Low Risk Gambling Guidelines Scientific Working Group, Currie, S. R., Flores‐Pajot, M., Hodgins, D. C., Nadeau, L., Paradis, C., Robillard, C., & Young, M. M. (2018) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/day074 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“, 2011) leading to greater help seeking and utilization of health care resources (Ladouceur, 2004; Petry, 2005; elGuebaly et al., 2006; Afifi et al., 2010; Yau and Potenza, 2015).”
BackgroundPrenatal cannabinoid exposure and altered neurotransmission
Pinky, P. D., Bloemer, J., Smith, W. D., Moore, T., Hong, H., Suppiramaniam, V. D., & Reed, M. N. (2019) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.02.018 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Treatment Outcome in Male Gambling Disorder Patients Associated with Alcohol Use
Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Granero, R., Håkansson, A., Tárrega, S., Valdepérez, A., Aymamí, N., Gómez‐Peña, M., Moragas, L., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00465 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“With regard to the levels of psychopathology and emotional distress, and once again coinciding with the literature, greater alterations were observed in patients with GD and risk alcohol consumption or dependence (Baldo et al., 2006; Yau and Potenza, 2015).”
BackgroundResultValenciano‐Mendoza, E., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Granero, R., Gómez‐Peña, M., Moragas, L., Mora‐Maltas, B., Håkansson, A., Menchón, J. M., & Jiménez‐Múrcia, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111085 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cognitive training: A new avenue in gambling disorder management?
Luquiens, A., Miranda, R., Benyamina, A., Carré, A., & Aubin, H. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.011 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gambling Phenotypes in Online Sports Betting
Granero, R., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Mora‐Maltas, B., Valenciano‐Mendoza, E., Baenas, I., Gómez‐Peña, M., Moragas, L., Codina, E., López-González, H., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00482 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The noteworthy increase in the incidences reported in metaanalytical data during the last decades has led to a large volume of studies aimed at increasing the understanding of the mechanisms explaining the onset and the progression of the GD (4).”
BackgroundPeng, Z., Jia, Q., Mao, J., Luo, X., Huang, A., Zheng, H., Jiang, S., Ma, Q., Ma, C., & Yi, Q. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1439727 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wang, J., & Shen, W. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15050665 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…for summarizing and exploring the mechanisms of such theories, as previous studies have found that substance addiction and behavioral addiction, including gambling and gaming disorders, have similar underlying mechanisms (M. Brand et al., 2014; Weinstein & Lejoyeux, 2015; Yau & Potenza, 2015).”
Cavicchioli, M., Vassena, G., Movalli, M., & Maffei, C. (2018) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2019.1643211 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Women and gambling disorder: Assessing dropouts and relapses in cognitive behavioral group therapy
Baño, M., Mestre‐Bach, G., Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Gómez‐Peña, M., Moragas, L., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Codina, E., Guillén‐Guzmán, E., Valero-Solís, S., et al. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107085 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Emotional dysregulation features and problem gambling in university students: a pilot study
Torrado, M. V., Bacelar–Nicolau, L., Skryabin, V. Y., Teixeira, M. O. D. N., Eusébio, S., & Ouakinin, S. (2020) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2020.1800889 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Developmental trajectories of gambling severity after cognitive-behavioral therapy
Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Aymamí, N., Gómez‐Peña, M., Mestre‐Bach, G., Steward, T., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Mena-Moreno, T., Vintró‐Alcaraz, C., et al. (2019) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.04.001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mestre‐Bach, G., Paiva, Ú., Iñiguez, L. S. M., Beranuy, M., Martín-Vivar, M., Mallorquí‐Bagué, N., Normand, E., Contreras, M. J., Potenza, M. N., & Arrondo, G. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725000376 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationEben, C., Bőthe, B., Brevers, D., Clark, L., Grubbs, J. B., Heirene, R. M., Kräplin, A., Lewczuk, K., Palmer, L., Perales, J. C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2023.00052 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“This is particularly the case in problem gambling research — the longest established domain of research related to behavioral addiction (Yau & Potenza, 2015).”
BackgroundCurrie, S. R., Hodgins, D. C., Williams, R. J., & Fiest, K. M. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-03016-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Broman, N., Prever, F., di Giacomo, E., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Szczegielniak, A. R., Hansson, H., & Håkansson, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.707645 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Al‐Abyadh, M. H. A., Alatawi, M. A., Emara, E. A. M., Almasoud, S., Alsetoohy, O., & Ali, A. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s437076 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“53 On the other hand, the recognition of technology addiction emerged in the mid-1990s, marking a new type of societal concern, particularly as the media began to focus more on the concept of computer or internet addiction.”
BackgroundEmotional regulation in gambling disorder
Mestre‐Bach, G., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., & Potenza, M. N. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.03.004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationThe prevalence and features of schizophrenia among individuals with gambling disorder
Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Etxandi, M., Baenas, I., Gómez‐Peña, M., Moragas, L., Valenciano‐Mendoza, E., Mora‐Maltas, B., Valero-Solís, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.025 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Claesdotter‐Knutsson, E., André, F., Fridh, M., Delfin, C., Håkansson, A., & Lindström, M. (2022) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/35207 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Although gambling disorder is traditionally considered an adult phenomenon, the behavior usually begins in childhood or adolescence and more frequently in younger ages among males, in resemblance with both substance use disorders and pathological gaming [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialGrassi, G., Moradei, C., & Cecchelli, C. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2024.00020 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Indeed, reward processing dysfunctions, response inhibition deficits and executive function deficits have been largely documented both in subjects with ADHD and behavioral addictions (Yau et al., 2015).”
BackgroundDisrupting Unwanted Habits in Online Gambling Through Information Technology
Hou, J., Kim, K., Kim, S. S., & Ma, X. (2019) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2019.1661088 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“difficult to change habit all by themselves and had to explicitly seek external help from the operator [51, 95].”
BackgroundExploration of Intervention Strategies to Reduce Public Stigma Associated with Gambling Disorder
Brown, K. L., & Russell, A. M. T. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09888-3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Genetic Addiction Risk and Psychological Profiling Analyses for “Preaddiction” Severity Index
Blum, K., Han, D. C., Bowirrat, A., Downs, B. W., Bagchi, D., Thanos, P. K., Baron, D. A., Braverman, E. R., Dennen, C. A., Gupta, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12111772 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Smartphone Apps for Problem Gambling: a Review of Content and Quality
McCurdy, L. Y., Loya, J. M., Hart-Derrick, V. R., Young, G. C., Kiluk, B. D., & Potenza, M. N. (2023) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-023-00479-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationWilliams, B. D., Lee, K., Ewah, S. O., & Neelam, K. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001773 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Castro‐Calvo, J., Ballester‐Arnal, R., Gil‐Llario, M. D., & Giménez‐García, C. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.066 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“In this regard, Yau and Potenza (2015) suggested that “the two sets of disorders may represent different expressions of one addiction entity (pp. 135)”.”
BackgroundMaremmani, A., Gazzarrini, D., Fiorin, A., Cingano, V., Bellio, G., Perugi, G., & Maremmani, I. (2018) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-018-0173-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“craving, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms), comorbidity, neurobiological profile, heritability, and treatment [2].”
Emotional Regulation in Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Treatment: A Systematic Review
Chrétien, S., Giroux, I., Smith, I., Jacques, C., Ferland, F., Sévigny, S., & Bouchard, S. (2025) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-024-10366-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Predictors of adverse gambling behaviours amongst elite athletes
Turk, M., Murphy, C., McCaffrey, J., & Murray, K. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-27469-8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Maladaptive consequences of repeated intermittent exposure to uncertainty
Mascia, P., Wang, Q., Brown, J., Nesbitt, K. M., Kennedy, R. T., & Vezina, P. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109864 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Eye-Tracking Studies of Gambling-Related Attentional Biases
Takahashi, R. E. S., Kim, H. S. A., Coelho, S. G., & Tavares, H. (2022) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-022-10161-3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…Psychiatric Association, 2013), in which it is now classified under Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders due to its similarities to substance use disorders in clinical presentation and etiology (e.g., personality and neurobiological risk factors; Yau and Potenza, 2015; Vitaro et al., 2014).”
BackgroundService Development for Behavioural Addictions: AIIMS Experience
Balhara, Y. P. S., Bhargava, R., & Chadda, R. K. (2020) · Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1712755 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The proportion of persons with pathological gambling is relatively higher among college students (3).”
BackgroundDopamine and Gambling Disorder: Prospects for Personalized Treatment
Kayser, A. S. (2019) · Current Addiction Report · doi:10.1007/s40429-019-00240-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hofstedt, A., Mide, M., Arvidson, E., Ljung, S., Lindskog, A., Mattiasson, J., & Gordh, A. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1162492 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bellmunt‐Gil, A., Majuri, J., Arponen, E., Kaasinen, V., & Joutsa, J. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2023.00037 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Makas, S., & Koç, M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84482-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Scandroglio, F., Ferrazzi, G., Giacobazzi, A., Vinci, V., Marchi, M., Galeazzi, G. M., Musetti, A., & Pingani, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010452 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“When examining epidemiological studies, we should consider that research conducted with screening instruments have frequently shown a higher prevalence of this disorder, compared with studies which used the DSM criteria [29].”
BackgroundResultLarsen, J. K., Hollands, G. J., Garland, E. L., Evers, A. W. M., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105408 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sherer, J., & Levounis, P. (2022) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2022.04.007 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
King, S. M., & Whelan, J. P. (2020) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2020.1804019 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Bellino, S., Bozzatello, P., Badino, C., Mantelli, E., & Rocca, P. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22020620 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Moreover, gambling, as well as drugs or alcohol, stimulates the reward system of the brain, which is responsible for the addiction behaviours [75].”
BackgroundDias, P. C. A., Cadime, I., del Castillo-López, Á. G., García-Castillo, F., & del Castillo, J. A. G. (2018) · African journal of rhetoric · doi:10.21134/haaj.v18i1.377 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Worsened Anxiety and Loneliness Influenced Gaming and Gambling during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Mohamed, M. S., Rukh, G., Schiöth, H. B., Vadlin, S., Olofsdotter, S., Åslund, C., & Nilsson, K. W. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12010249 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Internet gaming disorder (IGD) was introduced in Section three, “Conditions for further studies”, in the DSM-5 [4].”
BackgroundInfluentialDubuson, M., Noël, X., Kornreich, C., Hanak, C., Saeremans, M., & Campanella, S. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12050643 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Indeed, clear overlaps exist between behavioral and substance-related addictions in phenomenology, epidemiology, comorbidity, neurobiological mechanisms, genetic contributions, responses to treatments, and prevention efforts, but differences also exist [50].”
BackgroundMeta-analysis of structural and functional abnormalities in behavioral addictions
Mei, B., Tao, Q., Dang, J., Niu, X., Sun, J., Zhang, M., Wang, W., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Cheng, J. (2024) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108088 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Are Malaysian Youths Overdependent on the Internet?: A Narrative Review
Jaafar, N. R. N., Bahar, N., Ibrahim, N., Baharudin, A., Ismail, W. S. W., Sim, S. T., Aziz, M. A., & Tan, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.710790 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Correlates of sedentary behavior in Asian preschool‐aged children: A systematic review
Chen, B., Kui, K. Y., Padmapriya, N., Müller, A. M., & Müller‐Riemenschneider, F. (2022) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13485 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This is plausible as older children may have greater access to mobile devices and are less controlled by their parents.(53) Biological sex was not consistently associated with total SB or SV, a finding aligned with a previous review.”
Mastropietro, S., Favieri, F., Forte, G., Locuratolo, N., Mannarelli, D., Pauletti, C., Fattapposta, F., & Casagrande, M. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00906-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…characterized by alteration in similar brain areas (i.e., dorsolateral, orbital, and ventral medial prefrontal cortex; striatum; mesocorticolimbic system; see Brand et al., 2014; Dong et al., 2011; Gearhardt et al., 2011; Ko et al., 2009; Long et al., 2018; Yau & Potenza, 2015; Power et al., 2012).”
Income Inequality and the Odds of Online Gambling Among a Large Sample of Adolescents in Canada
Pabayo, R., Patel, P., Patte, K. A., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2023) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-023-10194-2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…gambling may lead to more severe consequences, including the development of gambling problems, and is often defined by experiencing one or two negative effects of gambling (Yau & Potenza, 2015), such as higher levels of distress and alcohol dependence, and family problems (Marshall & Wynne, 2004).”
Genetic Correlates as a Predictor of Bariatric Surgery Outcomes after 1 Year
Thanos, P. K., Hanna, C., Mihalkovic, A., Hoffman, A. B., Posner, A. R., Butsch, J. L., Blum, K., Georger, L. A., Mastrandrea, L. D., & Quattrin, T. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11102644 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“In addition to psychological screenings, an individual’s genetic makeup can be observed [40–43] to highlight a propensity towards behavioral addictions [44], giving clinicians further opportunities to tailor interventions and maximize the likelihood of the operation’s success.”
Background
- Authors
- Yau, Y. H. C., & Potenza, M. N.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Potenza, Marc N.
- Venue
- Harvard Review of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 134-146
- ISSN
- 1067-3229 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4458066
- OpenAlex
- W2096389535
- Cited by
- 267
- References
- 187
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Harvard Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA018647, P50DA009241, R01DA035058, P20DA027844)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, behavioral addiction, DSM-5, substance-related and addictive disorders, comorbidities, neurobiology of addiction, genetic contribution, treatment, prevention, internet addiction, sexual addiction, eating disorders, compulsive buying, gaming addiction
- MeSH terms
- Gambling, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Behavior, Addictive, Internet, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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