Cited by 476Natural Resources and Economic DevelopmentPolitical Conflict and GovernancePeacebuilding and International Security

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A Diamond Curse?: Civil War and a Lootable Resource

Lujala, Päivi, Gleditsch, Nils Petter, Gilmore, Elisabeth·2005·Journal of Conflict Resolution

DOI 10.1177/0022002705277548

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

While territory, oil, and water are frequently mentioned as resources likely to promote interstate conflict, diamonds have emerged as a prominent factor in explanations of civil war. In this article, the authors report on a new database on diamond deposits and production and analyze the relationship between diamonds and armed conflict incidence. They find a strong bivariate relationship between diamonds (particularly secondary diamonds) and the onset of civil war. Adding diamond dummies to standard models of civil war, the results are more mixed. The production of secondary diamonds increases the risk of onset of ethnic war, but not other types of war. The authors find evidence that secondary diamonds are positively related to the incidence of civil war, especially in countries divided along ethnic lines. Primary diamonds, on the other hand, make ethnic war onset and incidence less likely. The authors also find that the impact of diamonds has been substantially stronger in the post-cold war era.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0022002705277548

Cites

48 of 48 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War
FEARON, J. D., & LAITIN, D. D. (2003) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055403000534 · Cited by 7,366
Greed and grievance in civil war
Collier, P. D. (2004) · Oxford Economic Papers · doi:10.1093/oep/gpf064 · Cited by 6,295
Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth
Sachs, J., & Warner, A. (1995) · doi:10.3386/w5398 · Cited by 4,461
The curse of natural resources
Sachs, J. D., & Warner, A. M. (2001) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/s0014-2921(01)00125-8 · Cited by 4,409
Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset
GLEDITSCH, N. P., WALLENSTEEN, P., ERIKSSON, M., SOLLENBERG, M., & STRAND, H. (2002) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343302039005007 · Cited by 3,846
Self-citation
Untitled work
(1970) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,500
Fractionalization
Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S., & Wacziarg, R. (2003) · Journal of Economic Growth · doi:10.1023/a:1024471506938 · Cited by 3,432
On economic causes of civil war
Collier, P. D. (1998) · Oxford Economic Papers · doi:10.1093/oep/50.4.563 · Cited by 2,523
Taking Time Seriously: Time-Series-Cross-Section Analysis with a Binary Dependent Variable
Beck, N. L., Katz, J. N., & Tucker, R. P. (1998) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2991857 · Cited by 2,443
Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy: (504012013-001)
Collier, P., Elliot, V. L., Hegre, H., Hoeffler, A., Reynal-Querol, M., & Sambanis, N. (2003) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e504012013-001 · Cited by 2,431

Show all 49 references

Research works printed but not linked: 9

Buhaug, Halvard, 36thannualPeace Science Society (International)meeting
Gilmore, Elisabeth, Conflict Management and Peace Science, 22
Gilmore, Elisabeth, 2005, The diadata codebook
Hegre, Håvard, Polarization and Conflict workshop, Voksenåsen
Jean, François, 1996, Économie des guerres civiles [The Economics of Civil War]
Jonah, James O. C., Speech presented by the Minister of Finance of Sierra Leone in Development and Disarmament, Development Policy Forum of the German Foundation for International Development
Smillie, Ian, 2002, Dirty diamonds. Armed conflict and the trade in rough diamonds
United Nations Panel of Experts, 2001, Addendum to the report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
World Bank, 1997, Expanding the measure of wealth: Indicators of environmentally sustainable development

Sorted by citations

Items 401–475 of 475

Diamonds, the Kimberley Process, and Civil War in
Africa, S.-S., & Mccormick, H. A. (2015)
Why is it so difficult to reach a stable peace in conflicts involving warlords
Hassel, S. B. (2007) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
From Security Matter to Economic Recovery and Stability
Hacıoğlu, Ü., & Dınçer, H. (2013) · Advances in electronic government, digital divide, and regional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-4639-1.ch012
Diffe ring Effec ts: The R esource Curse in Seperatist Conflic ts
Scott, W. E. (2009)
Resource Curse or Blessing?: Civil War, Economic Growth, and Natunal Resource
Ohmura, H. (2011) · doi:10.11375/kokusaiseiji.165_16
Geographical perspectives on international cooperation and conflict
Hyun, S. B. (2011)
NATURAL RESOURCES, CONFLICTS, AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Hasan, M. D. (2016) · OpenSIUC (Southern Illinois University Carbondale) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.16820.17281
The Interface between Oil Resources, Violence and Conflict: A Literature Review
Okere, O. C. (2016)
Investigating the Inclusion of Ethno-depoliticization within Peace-building Policies in Post-conflict Sierra Leone
Cole, M. J. (2012) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-6170
Critical Configurations: Settlement Patterns and Ethnic Violence
Cederman, L., & Ward, M. D. (2009)
Did natural resource wealth motivate fighting in the Bosnian War?
O’Brochta, W. (2016) · JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES · doi:10.14254/2071-8330.2016/9-1/2
Ownership of Resource Extraction and Violence: How private versus state-owned resource extraction effects the severity of violence
Hitchcock, S. M. (2016) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)
CORRUPTION, DEVELOPMENT AND THE CURSE OF NATURAL RESOURCES forthcoming Canadian Journal of Political SciencePreprint
Pendergast, S. M., Clarke, J. A., & van Kooten, G. C. (2010) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Rebel Groups as Predation Systems: The Political Effects of the 2004 Tsunami in Indonesia and Sri Lanka
Beardsley, K. C., & McQuinn, B. (2014)
The Cost of Dissidence: International Commodity Prices and Political Unrest in Latin America
Maldonado, B. (2012)
Ethnic composition and the dynamics of Civil War: a subnational analysis of India and Pakistan
Payne, C. L. (2010) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.3096
Peace building after Civil War: A Critical Survey of the Literature and Avenues for Future Research
Adedokun, A. (2017) · Journal of Global Peace and Conflict · doi:10.15640/jgpc.v5n1a3
Selbstbestimmung und Gewalt: Zur Rolle von Territorium in subnationalen Selbstbestimmungskonflikten
Kelle, F. L. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s41358-017-0114-z
Resource Sharing, Civil Conflict, and Secession
Hosoe, M. (2018) · New frontiers in regional science: Asian perspectives · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-55897-2_8
Rentier States and Conflict: New Concepts, Different Perspectives
Ozsut, M. (2018) · doi:10.12794/metadc1157529
Tax capacity in post-conflict polities
Keleş, T. (2018) · Sabanci University
Fueling rebellion: Maritime piracy and the duration of civil war
Prins, B., Phayal, A., & Daxecker, U. (2019) · International Area Studies Review · doi:10.1177/2233865919833975
“However, resources appear to play an important supporting role (Fearon, 2004; Lujala, 2010; Lujala et al., 2005; Ross, 2006).”
Background
Does Crime Pay Enough? Diamond Prices, Lootability and Ethnic War
Jensen, C. B., Kuenzi, M., & Rissmann, M. (2017) · Journal of Conflict Management
A Theory of Cultural Tolerance for Preventing Ethnic Conflict: Evidence from Former Soviet States
Boulibekova, A. (2018) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research
Leader Psychology and Civil War Behavior
Smith, G. E. (2018) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research
Resources and Governance in Sierra Leone’s Civil WarPreprint
Voors, M. J., van der Windt, P. C., Papaioannou, K. J., & Bulte, E. (2020) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/u9vy4
An Economic and Social Assessment of the Syrian Civil War
Iacovoiu, V., Panait, M. C., & Enache, A.-C. (2020) · International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management · doi:10.4018/ijsem.2020010102
Drivers of Historical Sequences
Hallwood, P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53854-5_4
The Domestic Political Economy of International Agreements
Munier, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108884877.002
The Rise of China: Reforms, Growth and Modernisation: Overview of China’s Development Narrative
Lisimba, A. F. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-9573-8_3
A GIRL’S BEST FRIEND? : A Quantitative Study on The Effect of Diamond Extortion on Sexual Violence
Tottie, E. (2021) · Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University)
Poverty, Greed and the Proliferation of Small Arms in Africa
Umoh, U. E., & Akpan, O. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62183-4_15
Understanding the Nature of the Kimberley Process and International Agreements
Munier, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108884877.008
The One Who Controls the Diamond Wears the Crown
Munier, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108884877.005
Dust to diamonds: How Botswana escaped the resource curse
Karstens, A. (2021) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)
Diamonds, Dependence, and De Beers
Munier, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108884877.004
Diamonds after Blood?
Munier, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108884877.001
Territorial Issue Salience: Escalation, Resources, and Ethnicity
Macaulay, C. (2017) · doi:10.12794/metadc1011849
Disaggregating Peace Failure: Two Distinct Paths Toward Armed Conflict RecurrencePreprint
Koyama, T. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3269180
Environmental Stewardship in the Private Sector: Arriving at a Green Hands Theory
Aelion, H. M. (2013) · University Libraries (University of Maryland)
Digging Deeper: On the Role of Grievances in African Mining Conflicts
Pengl, Y., & Cederman, L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73558-6_4
From Passiveness to the Presidency
Munier, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108884877.003
The Limits of Cooperation after Conflict?
Munier, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108884877.006
No Private Companies = No Compliance
Munier, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108884877.007
Sicherheitsgefahr Ressourcenfluch?
Ide, T. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-02753-7_4 · Cited by 1
Environmental (and Nuclear) Violence
Lee, B. X. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119240716.ch8
Introduction
Hallwood, P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53854-5_1
Index
Munier, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108884877.009
References
Ochem, D. (2020) · Graduate Institute Publications eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.iheid.7843
Revisiting Abundance Theory
Suazo, A. E. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06660-3_1
An Econometric Model of Maps and the Endogenous Unit Area ProblemPreprint
Adamson, J. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4091833
The Protection of the Environment and Natural Resources in Armed Conflict
Smith, T. S. (2022) · T.M.C. Asser Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-515-7_20
AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONFLICTS, TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT
Ilieș, A. (2022) · GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS · doi:10.36106/gjra/6006183
Re-envisioning the Corporation as an Embedded Community
Freiling, M., Sagalowicz, D., & Dabab, M. (2022) · Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) · doi:10.23919/picmet53225.2022.9882772
“Corporations have found, for example, that younger customers prefer to patronize firms that allocate a percentage of their profits to worthy causes [24-30] and avoid supply chains that involve situations of exploitations or abuse [31-33], for example “blood diamonds”.”
Background
Natural resources
Patterson, W. R., & Kuthy, D. W. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85525-9.00002-7
Weak sovereignty and interstate war
Wolford, S., & Rider, T. J. (2024) · International Theory · doi:10.1017/s1752971924000034
Applications for Civil Conflict Studies
Englund, C. C. (2024) · Contributions to economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-74951-3_13
Stabilizing post-conflict states: evaluating the impact of resources
Jabbour, R., Black, M., & Cawley, A. (2024) · Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict · doi:10.1080/17467586.2024.2442558
“Accordingly, many scholars focus on the type of resource and its manageability (Lujala et al., 2005).”
Between a rock and a hard place: do civil war governments make protectionist trade policy?
Aydın, A. (2025) · Defence and Peace Economics · doi:10.1080/10242694.2025.2488872
Natural Resources and Intrastate Conflict
DeRouen, K., Jr., Newman, E., & Bellamy, P. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009224826.006
Financing Infrastructure Development Through Resource Rents: Is There a Curse?Preprint
IBOUANA, A. L. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5367060
ConflictPreprint
Rohner, D. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5380229
Warming, cooling, commodity prices, and conflict: do UN peacekeeping troops reduce the effects?
Janus, T. (2025) · Defence and Peace Economics · doi:10.1080/10242694.2025.2533757
Framework for Analyzing the Impact of Conflict
Yamao, D. (2025) · Evidence-Based Approaches to Peace and Conflict Studies · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-7560-9_2
The nexus among climate change, conflict and supply chains: A systematic literature review from 1990 to 2023
Narvaez, J. A. R. (2025) · Environment and Security · doi:10.1177/27538796251387856
“…capture studies on topics that do not directly address globalized trade, but are heavily affected by it, like the studies of Eastin (2016), Koubi et al. (2014) and Lujala et al. (2005) on the nexus among disasters, abundance of tradable resources (oil, diamond, minerals, cash crops) and conflict.”
The relationship between natural resources and armed conflict onset:"It's complicated". A quantitative analysis of how natural resources affect internal armed conflict onset during the period 1950-2003
Espedal, T. M. (2012) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Diamond artisanal mining and trafficking in the South Kasaï region of the Congo during the decolonization period (1957–1964)
Pouillard, V., & Ranestad, K. (2025) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105763
When It Rains, It Pours: The Impact of Disasters on Child Soldiering by Rebel Groups
Pantera, D. K., & Yang, Y. J. (2025) · Journal of Global Security Studies · doi:10.1093/jogss/ogaf033
Effects of Productive Capacity on Social Inclusion
SCHOUAME, E. S. B. F., & Jules, O. (2023) · Journal of Economics and Development Studies · doi:10.15640/jeds.v11n1a10
Intrastate Conflict, War Finance, and the Expropriation of Foreign Firms
Lee, H., Bak, D., Lee, K. Y., & Kim, D. (2026) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027261425881
“As the con ﬂ ict – resources literature emphasizes, revenue derived from control over productive assets is especially valuable during war because it depends on territorial control rather than administrative reach or societal compliance (Lujala et al. 2005; Ross 2004; Snyder and Bhavnani 2005).”
Opium Pathways: Mountains, Mules and Resource Extraction in Shan State, Myanmar
Buchanan, J. A. (2026) · Development and Change · doi:10.1111/dech.70066
Rebel group mergers: security imperatives and the autonomy dilemma
Topal, S. A. (2026) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1093/jopres/xjag051
Where Do Third Parties Intervene? Third Parties’ Domestic Institutions and Military Interventions in Civil Conflicts1
Koga, J. (2011) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00684.x · Cited by 54
Sleeping with the Enemy, or Putting the Enemy to Sleep? A Theory of Insurgency-State Interaction
Rangel, A. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/2227241
Three Papers on the Political Consequences of Oil Prices
Crespo-Tenorio, A. (2013) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k7wq01x2

Authors: Lujala, P., Gleditsch, N. P., & Gilmore, E.
Affiliations: Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
ORCID: Lujala, Päivi
Gleditsch, Nils Petter
Gilmore, Elisabeth
Venue: Journal of Conflict Resolution
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2005-08
Volume: 49
Issue: 4
Pages: 538-562
ISSN: 0022-0027 (ISSN-L)
1552-8766
DOI: 10.1177/0022002705277548
OpenAlex: W1972474624
Cited by: 476
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 34.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Conflict Resolution (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Natural Resources and Economic Development
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Peacebuilding and International Security
Keywords: diamond, civil war onset, ethnic conflict, armed conflict, conflict diamonds, ethnic divisions, post-Cold War, resource curse

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A Diamond Curse?: Civil War and a Lootable Resource

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks