The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Spatial Model of Internal Displacement and Forced Migration
Abstract
This article develops a spatial model of internal and external forced migration. We propose a model reminiscent of Hotelling’s spatial model in economics and Schelling’s model of segregation. Conflict is modeled as a shock that hits a country at certain location and generates displacement of people located near the shock’s location. Some displaced people cross a border, thus becoming refugees, while others remain as Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). The model delivers predictions about how the fractions of a country’s population that become refugees and IDPs ought to be related with the intensity of the shock, country size, terrain ruggedness and the degree of geographical proximity of the country with respect to the rest of the world. The predictions of the model are then tested against real data using a panel of 161 countries covering the period 1995-2016. The empirical evidence is mostly in line with the predictions of the model.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A common denominator of most conflicts, especially those that generate high casualty figures, is widespread forced migration (154-157).”
From Vicious Circles: Violence, Vulnerability, and Climate Change (2021) · cites this paper as [157]
Citations
Cites
Hotelling, H. (1929) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2224214 · Cited by 7,043
Schelling, T. (1971) · Journal of Mathematical Sociology · doi:10.1080/0022250x.1971.9989794 · Cited by 4,966
The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market
Card, D. (1989) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.2307/2523702 · Cited by 1,878
Ruggedness: The Blessing of Bad Geography in Africa
Nunn, N., & Puga, D. (2009) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00161 · Cited by 1,197
Refugees and the Spread of Civil War
Salehyan, I., & Gleditsch, K. S. (2006) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818306060103 · Cited by 946
Distribution-free estimation of some nonlinear panel data models
Wooldridge, J. M. (1999) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/s0304-4076(98)00033-5 · Cited by 868
Balinska, M. (1988) · Patterns of Prejudice · doi:10.1080/0031322x.1988.9969973 · Cited by 596
Individual effects and dynamics in count data models
Blundell, R. W., Griffith, R., & Windmeijer, F. A. G. (2002) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/s0304-4076(01)00108-7 · Cited by 500
Buhaug, H., & Gates, S. (2002) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343302039004003 · Cited by 433
Geography, Rebel Capability, and the Duration of Civil Conflict
Buhaug, H., Gates, S., & Lujala, P. (2009) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002709336457 · Cited by 425
2026 Global Report on Internal Displacement
(2019) · Human Rights Documents online · doi:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9806-20180006 · Cited by 411
Sometimes You Just Have to Leave: Domestic Threats and Forced Migration, 1964-1989
Davenport, C., Moore, W., & Poe, S. (2003) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050620304597 · Cited by 373
Moore, W. H., & Shellman, S. M. (2004) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002704267767 · Cited by 356
Ibáñez, A. M., & Vélez, C. E. (2008) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.04.013 · Cited by 328
Bogus Refugees? The Determinants of Asylum Migration to Western Europe
Neumayer, E. (2005) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2005.00370.x · Cited by 325
The Economic Impact of Syrian Refugees on Host Countries: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Turkey
Tümen, S. (2016) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.p20161065 · Cited by 299
Accounting for scale: Measuring geography in quantitative studies of civil war
Buhaug, H., & Lujala, P. (2005) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2005.01.006 · Cited by 288
Individual Decisions to Migrate During Civil Conflict
Bohra-Mishra, P., & Massey, D. S. (2011) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-011-0016-5 · Cited by 252
Displacement Due to Violence in Colombia: A Household‐Level Analysis
Engel, S., & Ibáñez, A. M. (2006) · Economic Development and Cultural Change · doi:10.1086/508712 · Cited by 252
Whither Will They Go? A Global Study of Refugees’ Destinations, 1965–1995
Moore, W. H., & Shellman, S. M. (2007) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2007.00478.x · Cited by 248
The Effect of Refugee Inflows on Host Communities: Evidence from Tanzania
Alix‐Garcia, J., & Saah, D. S. (2009) · The World Bank Economic Review · doi:10.1093/wber/lhp014 · Cited by 241
The Externalities of Civil Strife: Refugees as a Source of International Conflict
Salehyan, I. (2008) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00343.x · Cited by 223
Civil wars beyond their borders: The human capital and health consequences of hosting refugees
Báez, J. E. (2010) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.08.011 · Cited by 221
Ceritoğlu, E., Yüncüler, H. B. G., Torun, H., & Tümen, S. (2017) · IZA Journal of Labor Policy · doi:10.1186/s40173-017-0082-4 · Cited by 221
Conflict displacement and labor market outcomes in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kondylis, F. (2009) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.10.004 · Cited by 204
Country of asylum by choice or by chance: Asylum‐seekers in Belgium, the Netherlands and the UK
Havinga, T., & Böcker, A. G. M. (1999) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.1999.9976671 · Cited by 186
Civil Conflict and Displacement: Village-Level Determinants of Forced Migration in Aceh
Czaika, M., & Kis‐Katos, K. (2009) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343309102659 · Cited by 180
The Wage Impact of the Marielitos : A Reappraisal
Borjas, G. J. (2017) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.1177/0019793917692945 · Cited by 154
Refugee or Internally Displaced Person?
Moore, W. H., & Shellman, S. M. (2006) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414005276457 · Cited by 147
The Labor Market Effects of a Refugee Wave
Peri, G., & Yasenov, V. I. (2018) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.54.2.0217.8561r1 · Cited by 138
Asylum Recognition Rates in Western Europe
Neumayer, E. (2004) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002704271057 · Cited by 135
Warfare, political identities, and displacement in Spain and Colombia
Balcells, L., & Steele, A. (2015) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.11.007 · Cited by 128
Ayata, B., & Yükseker, D. (2005) · New Perspectives on Turkey · doi:10.1017/s089663460000409x · Cited by 121
Radicalism of the Hopeless: Refugee Flows and Transnational Terrorism
Milton, D., Spencer, M., & Findley, M. G. (2013) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050629.2013.834256 · Cited by 102
The impact of internal displacement on destination communities: Evidence from the Colombian conflict
Morales, J. S. (2017) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.10.003 · Cited by 91
Refugees, ethnic power relations, and civil conflict in the country of asylum
Rüegger, S. (2018) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343318812935 · Cited by 89
The landscape of conflict: IDPs, aid and land-use change in Darfur
Alix‐Garcia, J., Bartlett, A. L., & Saah, D. S. (2013) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbs044 · Cited by 87
Depetris-Chauvín, E., & Santos, R. J. (2018) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.05.006 · Cited by 86
The Impact of Syrian Refugees on the Turkish Economy: Regional Labour Market Effects
Esen, O., & Binatlı, A. O. (2017) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci6040129 · Cited by 85
The effects of foreign aid on refugee flows
Dreher, A., Fuchs, A., & Langlotz, S. (2018) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.12.001 · Cited by 83
Blame the victims? Refugees, state capacity, and non-state actor violence
Böhmelt, T., Bove, V., & Gleditsch, K. S. (2018) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343318804592 · Cited by 77
Agricultural Outputs and Conflict Displacement: Evidence from a Policy Intervention in Rwanda
Kondylis, F. (2008) · Economic Development and Cultural Change · doi:10.1086/590446 · Cited by 74
Security and Displacement in Iraq: Responding to the Forced Migration Crisis
Lischer, S. K. (2008) · International Security · doi:10.1162/isec.2008.33.2.95 · Cited by 69
Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi, P. K. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199940042.013.0008 · Cited by 67
Alix‐Garcia, J., Bartlett, A. L., & Saah, D. S. (2011) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.06.002 · Cited by 67
Forced Displacement In Africa: Dimensions, Difficulties, And Policy Directions
Crisp, J. (2010) · Refugee Survey Quarterly · doi:10.1093/rsq/hdq031 · Cited by 67
Muggah, R. (2003) · International Migration · doi:10.1111/j.0020-7985.2003.00259.x · Cited by 66
Refugee flows and state contributions to post-Cold War UN peacekeeping missions
Uzonyi, G. (2015) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343315574353 · Cited by 63
Conflict-induced IDPs and the Spread of Conflict
Bohnet, H., Cottier, F., & Hug, S. (2018) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002716665209 · Cited by 58
Spatial Dependence in Asylum Migration
Barthel, F., & Neumayer, E. (2014) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2014.967756 · Cited by 51
Burden Sharing in the Funding of the UNHCR: Refugee Protection as an Impure Public Good
Roper, S. D., & Barria, L. A. (2010) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002710364131 · Cited by 43
The Geo-Politics of Forced Migration in Africa, 1992—2001
Iqbal, Z. (2007) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1080/07388940701257515 · Cited by 40
Camp settlement and communal conflict in sub-Saharan Africa
Fisk, K. (2019) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343318814588 · Cited by 37
Environmental health in forced displacement: A systematic scoping review of the emergency phase
Shackelford, B. B., Cronk, R., Behnke, N. L., Cooper, B., Tu, R., D'Souza, M., Bartram, J., Schweitzer, R. W., & Jaff, D. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136553 · Cited by 36
The 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa
Wood, T. (2019) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9780857932815.00008 · Cited by 33
Daley, P. (2013) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2013.800740 · Cited by 26
GMM for Panel Data Count Models
Windmeijer, F. A. G. (2008) · Advanced studies in theoretical and applied econometrics · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75892-1_18 · Cited by 25
The Political Economy of Refugee Migration and Foreign Aid
Czaika, M. (2009) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230274204 · Cited by 24
Echevarria-Coco, J., & Gardeazábal, J. (2016) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-016-0367-y · Cited by 20
Self-citationSchuettler, K., & Verme, P. (2019) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-8727 · Cited by 19
Internal Displacement in Burma
Lanjouw, S., Mortimer, G., & Bamforth, V. (2000) · Disasters · doi:10.1111/1467-7717.00144 · Cited by 18
Marbach, M. (2018) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/2053168018803239 · Cited by 15
Internal displacement, migration, and policy in northeastern India
Goswami, U. (2007) · ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa) · Cited by 12
Internally Displaced Persons and Northeast India
Fernandes, W. (2013) · International Studies · doi:10.1177/0020881717714900 · Cited by 8
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Akgündüz Y. E., 2018, GLO Discussion Paper Series 186
- Ball P., 2002, Technical report
- 10.1177/001979399004300205 · DOI
- Cely S. P., 2020, CREA Discussion Paper Series 20-05
- Ferris E., 2010, Paper commissioned for the EFA Global Monitoring Report 2011
- Kälin W., 2008, Stud. Transnat’l Legal Pol’y, 38, 1
- McEniry M., 2019, SSM—Population Health, 100369, 7
- Munive J., 2019, Journal of Refugee Studies, 1
- Riley S., 1999, Internation Journal of Science, 5, 23
- Rozo S. V., 2020, Paper presented at the ASSA 2020 Meeting in San Diego
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Vicious Circles: Violence, Vulnerability, and Climate Change
Buhaug, H., & von Uexkull, N. (2021) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-014708 · Cited by 187
“A common denominator of most conflicts, especially those that generate high casualty figures, is widespread forced migration (154–157).”
BackgroundThe impacts of armed conflict on human development: A review of the literature
Vesco, P., Baliki, G., Brück, T., Döring, S., Eriksson, A., Fjelde, H., Guha‐Sapir, D., Hall, J., Knutsen, C. H., Leis, M., et al. (2024) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106806 · Cited by 145
Disease burden among Ukrainians forcibly displaced by the 2022 Russian invasion
Pandey, A., Wells, C. R., Stadnytskyi, V., Moghadas, S. M., MARATHE, M. V., Sah, P., Crystal, W., Ancel, L. W., Singer, B. H., Nesterova, O., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2215424120 · Cited by 48
Drought and social conflict in rural Zimbabwe: Does the burden fall on women and girls?
Chigusiwa, L., Kembo, G., & Kairiza, T. (2022) · Review of Development Economics · doi:10.1111/rode.12944 · Cited by 39
The Causes and Consequences of Refugee Flows: A Contemporary Reanalysis
Shaver, A., Krick, B., BLANCAFLOR, J., LIU, X., SAMARA, G., KU, S. Y., HU, S., ANGELO, J., CARREON, M., LIM, T., et al. (2024) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055424000285 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Echevarria-Coco, J., & Gardeazabal, J.
- Affiliations
- University of the Basque Country (ES)
- The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
- Venue
- Journal of Conflict Resolution
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-09-25
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 591-618
- ISSN
- 0022-0027 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-8766
- OpenAlex
- W3088024484
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 2.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Conflict Resolution (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (Mineco-FEDER ECO2015-64467-R)
- Eusko Jaurlaritza (IT783-13)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Refugees, and Integration
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration and Labor Dynamics
- Keywords
- internal displacement, forced migration, refugees, internally displaced persons, spatial modeling, border crossing, terrain ruggedness, country size, geographic proximity, Schelling segregation model, Hotelling model
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review