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Suicidal Disclosures among Friends: Using Social Network Data to Understand Suicide Contagion
Open accessAbstract
A robust literature suggests that suicide is socially contagious; however, we know little about how and why suicide spreads. Using network data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we examine the effects of alter's (1) disclosed and (2) undisclosed suicide attempts, (3) suicide ideation, and (4) emotional distress on ego's mental health one year later to gain insights into the emotional and cultural mechanisms that underlie suicide contagion. We find that when egos know about alter's suicide attempt, they report significantly higher levels of emotional distress and are more likely to report suicidality, net of extensive controls; however, alter's undisclosed suicide attempts and ideation have no significant effect on ego's mental health. Finally, we find evidence that emotional distress is contagious in adolescence, though it does not seem to promote suicidality. We discuss the implications of our findings for suicide contagion specifically and sociology more generally.
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“Additionally, exposure to a friends’ suicidal thoughts was not sufficient to increase risk of suicidal thoughts or behaviors 1 year later.”
From The Social Roots of Suicide: Theorizing How the External Social World Matters to Suicide and Suicide Prevention (2021) · cites this paper as Mueller and Abrutyn, 2015
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“The study found that youth who did not know their friend had attempted suicide were not at higher risk of suicidality over time, though if they did know they were.”
From The Social Roots of Suicide: Theorizing How the External Social World Matters to Suicide and Suicide Prevention (2021) · cites this paper as Mueller and Abrutyn, 2015
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“Previous research also suggests suicidal behaviors are influenced by affiliation with peers who have engaged in suicidal behaviors,29”
From Evidence-based youth suicide prevention and intervention in pediatric primary care settings. (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
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“Discussing self-harm or suicidality among peers can further model and normalize the use of these behaviors as coping mechanisms or “cultural scripts” in adolescence (Mueller & Abrutyn, 2015).”
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Neurodiversity as a Conceptual Lens and Topic of Cross-Cultural Study
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“This question mimics a measure in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health study that shows the number of suicide attempts among friends predicts later suicide ideation among respondents (Mueller and Abrutyn, 2015).”
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“Additionally, studies have shown that peer modelling of suicidal behaviours can also play a role in the diffusion of suicide among youth (Abrutyn & Mueller, 2014; Mueller, 2017; Mueller & Abrutyn, 2015).”
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“Exposure to peer self-harm is associated with the onset of personal suicidal and non-suicidal self-harm (Jarvi et al ., 2013; Mueller & Abrutyn, 2015; Quigley et al ., 2016; Zhu et al ., 2016), as consistent with qualitative accounts (Hodgson, 2004; Klineberg et al ., 2013; Hetrick et al ., 2020;…”
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“…to individuals who have suicidal attempts, ideation, or death translate into emotions, attitudes, and behaviors that spread through social networks and influence similar outcomes (Abrutyn and Mueller 2014; Baller and Richardson 2002; Bearman and Moody 2004; Mueller and Abrutyn 2015, 2016).”
Cultural Priming Effects and the Human Brain
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Ritual and Religion as Social Technologies of Cooperation
Kavanagh, C. M., Jong, J., & Whitehouse, H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108695374.016 · Cited by 7
The Cultural Brain as Historical Artifact
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Social Media Responses to Online Suicide-Related News Articles
Edwards, T., Torok, M. H., McGillivray, L., Ford, T., Mok, K., Li, E., & Larsen, M. E. (2020) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000724 · Cited by 5
“For instance, studies have shown a relationship between pro-suicide material available online and increased suicide rates (Colombo, Burnap, Hodorog, & Scourfield, 2016; Mueller & Abrutyn, 2015).”
ResultA Review of the Werther Effect and Depictions of Suicide: 13 Reasons Why
Schaffer, E. R. (2018) · UC Merced Undergraduate Research Journal · doi:10.5070/m4102038937 · Cited by 5
The Reward of Musical Emotions and Expectations
Gold, B. P., & Zatorre, R. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108695374.021 · Cited by 4
Anderson, B. (2022) · Asian journal of social science · doi:10.1016/j.ajss.2022.06.003 · Cited by 4
Bae, Y., & Lee, J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290072 · Cited by 4
Suicide-related disclosure: implications for inclusion and recovery
Sheehan, L. L., Oexle, N., Bushman, M., Fulginiti, A., & Frey, L. M. (2019) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-01-2019-0012 · Cited by 4
Zhang, J., Uscola, C. J., Abrutyn, S. B., & Mueller, A. S. (2024) · Philosophy of the Social Sciences · doi:10.1177/00483931241246069 · Cited by 6
“…Durkheim ’ s method is the dominant method (Mueller et al. 2021; Wray, Colen, and Pescosolido 2011) — even as some fruitful efforts have shifted the lens from population-level research to meso-level networks (Mueller and Abrutyn 2015; Pescosolido and Georgianna 1989; Baller and Richardson 2009).”
Worthman, C. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108695374.007 · Cited by 3
Keister, L. A., Moody, J. W., & Wolff, T. J. (2022) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2022.8.4.07 · Cited by 3
Armstrong, G., Cherian, A. V., Haregu, T., Bilello, D., Sobhana, H., Deuri, S. P., Bhat, S. U., Aiman, A., John, S., Kannappan, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100898 · Cited by 3
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“Furthermore, exposure to self-harm in others and proximity to peers who died by suicide are additional risk factors for youth suicidality (Abrutyn et al., 2020; Mueller & Abrutyn, 2015).”
Capturing Context Is Not Enough
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Abrutyn, S. B. (2016) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32250-6_1 · Cited by 2
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Do Gun‐Purchase Waiting Periods Save Lives?
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“There is evidence that suicides are socially contagious, using data from media reports (Stack 2005, 2009; Gould 2001; Romer et al. 2006; Gould et al. 2014) and peer groups (Baller and Richardson 2009; Abrutyn and Mueller 2014; Mueller and Abrutyn 2015; Fletcher 2017).”
Commensality and academic performance: measuring peer acceptance among college students
Wen, J., Lyu, W., Liu, J., & Yang, L. (2025) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-025-00357-8 · Cited by 1
“While the association between peer relationships and individual well-being — such as depression 56 – 58 , adjustment outcomes 59 , and decision-makingbehaviorslikeprosocialbehavior 60 ,self-injuriousbehavior, and risk-taking behavior 61 — has been extensively studied, the link between .”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mueller, A. S., & Abrutyn, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Memphis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mueller, Anna S.
- Venue
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-02-25
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 131-148
- ISSN
- 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
- 2150-6000
- PMC
- PMC4472458
- OpenAlex
- W2157573144
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 9.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Michigan State University
- National Institutes of Health
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01- HD31921, P01HD031921)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
- Keywords
- suicide contagion, suicide attempts, suicidal ideation, emotional distress, mental health, adolescent social networks, disclosure, social networks, adolescent to adult transition
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Peer Group, Risk Factors, Social Support, Suicide, Disclosure, Suicidal Ideation
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