The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
MAWRID: A Model of Arabic Word Reading in Development
Abstract
This article offers a model of Arabic word reading according to which three conspicuous features of the Arabic language and orthography shape the development of word reading in this language: (a) vowelization/vocalization, or the use of diacritical marks to represent short vowels and other features of articulation; (b) morphological structure, namely, the predominance and transparency of derivational morphological structure in the linguistic and orthographic representation of the Arabic word; and (c) diglossia, specifically, the lexical and lexico-phonological distance between the spoken and the standard forms of Arabic words. It is argued that the triangulation of these features governs the acquisition and deployment of reading mechanisms across development. Moreover, the difficulties that readers encounter in their journey from beginning to skilled reading may be better understood if evaluated within these language-specific features of Arabic language and orthography.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Ferguson, C. A. (1959) · WORD · doi:10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702 · Cited by 3,206
Ziegler, J. C., & Goswami, U. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.3 · Cited by 2,871
Foundation literacy acquisition in European orthographies
Seymour, P. H. K., Aro, M., Erskine, J. M., & collaboration with COST Action A8 network (2003) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712603321661859 · Cited by 2,601
Reading Ability: Lexical Quality to Comprehension
Perfetti, C. (2007) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888430701530730 · Cited by 2,095
Stanovich, K. E. (1980) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.2307/747348 · Cited by 1,745
Share, D. L. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.4.584 · Cited by 1,022
Kaye, A. S. (1997) · Language · doi:10.2307/416614 · Cited by 766
Allport, D. A. (2024) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.4324/9781003582885-4 · Cited by 633
A Grammar of the Arabic Language
Hanna, S. A., & Wright, W. (1970) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/323113 · Cited by 570
Relationship between single word decoding and reading comprehension skill.
Perfetti, C. A., & Hogaboam, T. W. (1975) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077013 · Cited by 527
Research works printed but not linked: 15
- Badawi E., 1973, Levels of modern Arabic in Egypt
- Broselow E., 1979, Linguistic Analysis, 5, 345
- Brustad K., 2000, The syntax of spoken Arabic—A comprehensive study of Moroccan, Egyptian, Syrian and Kuwaiti dialects
- Fassi Fehri A, 1994, Configurations, 51
- Henkin R., 2010, Negev Arabic: Dialectal, sociolinguistic, and stylistic variation
- Holes C., 1995, Modern Arabic
- Holes C., 2004, Modern Arabic: Structures, functions and varieties
- Jastrow O., 2004, JSAI, 29, 166
- Kay A. S., 1994, Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik, 27, 47
- Meiseles G., 1980, Archivum Linguisticum, 11, 118
- Perfetti C. A., 1985, Reading ability
- Saiegh-Haddad E., Reading acquisition across languages and writing systems: An international handbook
- Saiegh-Haddad E., 2017, The impact of diglossia on the development of morphological awareness in Arabic
- Verhoeven L., Reading acquisition across languages and writing systems: An international handbook
- Versteegh K., 1997, The Arabic language
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Saiegh-Haddad, E., & Schiff, R. (2016) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2016.1180526 · Cited by 116
Self-citationSchiff, R., & Saiegh-Haddad, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00356 · Cited by 118
“A next step, which would have both theoretical and applied values, would be to carry out intervention studies to test further the causal hypothesis and promote the use of developmental research in teaching (Taha and Saiegh-Haddad, 2016, 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationSaiegh‐Haddad, E., & Taha, H. Y. (2017) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1572 · Cited by 97
Self-citationPhonological awareness in Arabic: the role of phonological distance, phonological-unit size, and SES
Saiegh‐Haddad, E., Shahbari-Kassem, A., & Schiff, R. (2020) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-020-10019-3 · Cited by 66
Self-citationSaiegh‐Haddad, E., & Haj, L. (2018) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000918000302 · Cited by 59
Self-citationSchiff, R., & Saiegh-Haddad, E. (2017) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-016-9713-1 · Cited by 57
Self-citationThe Lexical Status of the Root in Processing Morphologically Complex Words in Arabic
Shalhoub‐Awwad, Y., & Leikin, M. (2016) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2016.1180525 · Cited by 52
Saiegh‐Haddad, E., & Ghawi-Dakwar, O. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02010 · Cited by 49
Self-citationBlueprint for a Universal Theory of Learning to Read: The Combinatorial Model
Share, D. L. (2025) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.603 · Cited by 45
Vaknin‐Nusbaum, V., & Saiegh‐Haddad, E. (2020) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-020-10048-y · Cited by 31
Self-citationBar-On, A., Shalhoub‐Awwad, Y., & TUMA-BASILA, R. I. (2018) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716418000310 · Cited by 31
Tibi, S., Tock, J. L., & Kirby, J. R. (2018) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716418000589 · Cited by 30
Abou-Ghazaleh, A., Khateb, A., & Nevat, M. (2018) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.09.045 · Cited by 27
Learning to Spell in Arabic: The Impact of Script-Specific Visual-Orthographic Features
Yassin, R., Share, D. L., & Shalhoub‐Awwad, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02059 · Cited by 26
Early Sensitivity to Morphology in Beginning Readers of Arabic
Akiki, C. E., & Content, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.552315 · Cited by 27
Saiegh‐Haddad, E. (2022) · Oxford Review of Education · doi:10.1080/03054985.2022.2090324 · Cited by 25
Self-citationAsli-Badarneh, A., Hipfner-Boucher, K., Bumgardner, X. C., Al-Janaideh, R., & Saiegh-Haddad, E. (2022) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/13670069221077306 · Cited by 24
Self-citationSaiegh‐Haddad, E. (2022) · Literacy studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80072-7_8 · Cited by 26
Self-citationArafat, S. H., Aram, D., & Korat, O. (2021) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-021-10158-1 · Cited by 26
Wattad, H., & Abu‐Rabia, S. (2020) · Reading Psychology · doi:10.1080/02702711.2020.1768973 · Cited by 19
Asadi, I. A., & Asli‐Badarneh, A. (2023) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-023-09969-w · Cited by 19
Speed of reading texts in Arabic and Hebrew
Eviatar, Z., Ibrahim, R., Karelitz, T. M., & Ben-Simon, A. (2018) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-018-9877-y · Cited by 17
Foundations of early literacy among Arabic-speaking pre-school children
Ahmad, H. A., & Share, D. L. (2021) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716421000242 · Cited by 17
Word reading in English and Arabic in children who are Syrian refugees
Gottardo, A., Amin, N., Amin, A., Al‐Janaideh, R., Chen, X., & Paradis, J. (2020) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s014271642000034x · Cited by 17
The Role of Nominal Word Pattern in Arabic Reading Acquisition: Insights from Cross-modal Priming
Shalhoub‐Awwad, Y. (2019) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2019.1668396 · Cited by 17
Insights from the study of Arabic reading
Hermena, E. W., & Reichle, E. D. (2020) · Language and Linguistics Compass · doi:10.1111/lnc3.12400 · Cited by 17
Shalhoub‐Awwad, Y., & KHAMIS-JUBRAN, M. (2020) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000920000574 · Cited by 15
Accuracy-disability versus rate-disability subtypes of dyslexia: A validation study in Arabic
Shany, M., Asadi, I. A., & Share, D. L. (2022) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2022.2106866 · Cited by 15
Joubran-Awadie, N., & Shalhoub‐Awwad, Y. (2023) · First Language · doi:10.1177/01427237221145375 · Cited by 16
Khateb, A., & Ibrahim, R. (2022) · Literacy studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80072-7_10 · Cited by 13
Andria, S., Tarabya, B. M., & Khateb, A. (2022) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15781 · Cited by 12
A cross-orthographic view of dyslexia identification
Moore, K. A., Lai, J., Quinonez‐Beltran, J. F., Wijekumar, K. K., & Malatesha, R. N. (2023) · Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science · doi:10.1007/s41809-023-00128-0 · Cited by 12
Saiegh‐Haddad, E., & Schiff, R. (2024) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.598 · Cited by 24
Self-citationHermena, E. W., Juma, E. J., & AlJassmi, M. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254745 · Cited by 13
Al‐Janaideh, R., Hipfner-Boucher, K., Cleave, P. L., & Chen, X. (2021) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2021.1927974 · Cited by 11
Morphology and Reading Skills in Arabic‐Speaking Syrian Refugee Children
Al‐Janaideh, R., Tibi, S., Gottardo, A., Paradis, J., & Chen, X. (2023) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.495 · Cited by 10
Asadi, I. A., Asli‐Badarneh, A., & Vaknin‐Nusbaum, V. (2024) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1761 · Cited by 13
The differential effects of consonant and vowel diacritics in Arabic
Boudelaa, S., Norris, D. G., & Kinoshita, S. (2024) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2024.104533 · Cited by 10
Shahbari-Kassem, A., Schiff, R., & Saiegh‐Haddad, E. (2024) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-024-10581-0 · Cited by 25
Self-citationPrinciples of variation in the use of diacritics (taškīl) in Arabic books
Hallberg, A. (2022) · Language Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2022.101482 · Cited by 13
Shendy, R. (2022) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2022.134077 · Cited by 22
Asadi, I. A., Asli‐Badarneh, A., Ibrahim, R., & Hamzah, H. (2024) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00318 · Cited by 9
Jabbour, M., Share, D. L., & Shalhoub‐Awwad, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Language Sciences · doi:10.3389/flang.2024.1390391 · Cited by 12
What predicts word reading in Arabic?
Hassanein, E. E. A., Johnson, E. S., Ibrahim, S., & Alshaboul, Y. M. K. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1077643 · Cited by 9
Between Varieties and Modalities in the Production of Narrative Texts in Arabic
Laks, L., & Saiegh‐Haddad, E. (2022) · Literacy studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80072-7_12 · Cited by 9
Self-citationEl-Raziq, M. A., Meir, N., & Saiegh‐Haddad, E. (2024) · Autism & Developmental Language Impairments · doi:10.1177/23969415241234649 · Cited by 8
Self-citationHallberg, A. (2022) · Arabica · doi:10.1163/15700585-12341640 · Cited by 10
Representation of Arabic Narratives in Digital Media - A Case Study
Elhija, D. A., Tallas-Mahajna, N., & Asli‐Badarneh, A. (2022) · Journal of Narrative and Language Studies · doi:10.59045/nalans.2023.4 · Cited by 8
Khoury-Metanis, A., Asadi, I. A., & Khateb, A. (2018) · Writing Systems Research · doi:10.1080/17586801.2018.1540375 · Cited by 9
Mansour‐Adwan, J., Asadi, I. A., & Khateb, A. (2020) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-020-10032-6 · Cited by 9
Lee‐James, R., & Johnson, L. (2022) · Literacy studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80072-7_18 · Cited by 8
Khateb, A., Asadi, I. A., Habashi, S., & Korinth, S. P. (2022) · Theory and Practice in Language Studies · doi:10.17507/tpls.1206.02 · Cited by 6
Arabic metalinguistic knowledge predicts reading comprehension: A scoping review
Sawad, N. B., Law, J., Tibi, S., & Boese, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2022.984340 · Cited by 6
Asadi, I. A., Atila, N., & Saleh, S. (2023) · Literacy Research and Instruction · doi:10.1080/19388071.2023.2208187 · Cited by 8
Almusawi, H. M. (2019) · Ampersand · doi:10.1016/j.amper.2019.100050 · Cited by 6
Processing Printed Words in Literary Arabic and Spoken Arabic: An fNIRS Study
Tarabya, B. M., Khateb, A., & Andria, S. (2021) · Open Journal of Modern Linguistics · doi:10.4236/ojml.2021.113035 · Cited by 6
Khamis-Dakwar, R., & Makhoul, B. (2022) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2021.2025243 · Cited by 6
Mansour‐Adwan, J., Khateb, A., Shalhoub‐Awwad, Y., & Cohen‐Mimran, R. (2023) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-022-10400-4 · Cited by 8
Lahoud, H., Eviatar, Z., & Kreiner, H. (2023) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-023-10424-4 · Cited by 7
Hejaili, A. A., & Newbury, P. (2023) · The Electronic Journal of e-Learning · doi:10.34190/ejel.21.4.3043 · Cited by 6
Kawar, K. (2024) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-23-00717 · Cited by 6
RetractedAsadi, I. A., & Asli‐Badarneh, A. (2026) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-026-10214-3 · Cited by 5
Khamis-Dakwar, R., Froud, K., Dolan, C. T., & Westrope, C. (2022) · Literacy studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80072-7_19 · Cited by 5
The role of verbal patterns in Arabic reading acquisition: insights from cross-modal priming
Shalhoub‐Awwad, Y. (2022) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-022-10317-y · Cited by 5
Reading in kindergarten Arabic-speaking children with low linguistic skills: A longitudinal study
Mansour‐Adwan, J., Shalhoub‐Awwad, Y., Cohen‐Mimran, R., & Khateb, A. (2023) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s014271642300019x · Cited by 5
Taha, H. Y., Taha, H., & Shaheen, H. (2023) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-023-10013-0 · Cited by 6
Asadi, I. A., Vaknin‐Nusbaum, V., & Taha, H. Y. (2023) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-023-10024-x · Cited by 7
Asadi, I. A., Asli‐Badarneh, A., Elhija, D. A., & Mansour‐Adwan, J. (2023) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00153 · Cited by 5
The triple-deficit hypothesis in Arabic: Evidence from children with and without dyslexia
Layes, S., Cohen, M., & van Viersen, S. (2022) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716422000327 · Cited by 5
Layes, S., Gharaibeh, M., & Djeribiai, A. (2024) · Reading Psychology · doi:10.1080/02702711.2024.2405472 · Cited by 4
Ibrahim, L. A. (2025) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-23-00617 · Cited by 4
Mahamid, B. H., & Saiegh‐Haddad, E. (2025) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-24-00013 · Cited by 4
Self-citationLayes, S., & Torkia, B. (2022) · British Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1111/1467-8578.12403 · Cited by 4
Joubran-Awadie, N., & Shalhoub‐Awwad, Y. (2024) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-23-00456 · Cited by 4
Epitome solution to nahw instruction: Strategies toward i’rab reading abilities for students
Machmudah, U., Nurcholis, A., Hanafi, Y., & Khasairi, M. (2020) · Research Repository Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim (University of Southampton) · Cited by 4
Smolka, E., & Ravid, D. D. (2019) · The Mental Lexicon · doi:10.1075/ml.00003.int · Cited by 4
Inflectional morphology and reading comprehension in low SES Arabic-speaking second graders
Vaknin‐Nusbaum, V., & Makhoul, B. (2024) · First Language · doi:10.1177/01427237241272523 · Cited by 7
Tarabi-Juma’a, T., Armon-Lotem, S., & Saiegh‐Haddad, E. (2026) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000925100445 · Cited by 4
Self-citationMustiah, M., Dayat, D., & Sadek, N. (2024) · Journal of Languages and Language Teaching · doi:10.33394/jollt.v12i1.9158 · Cited by 3
Saiegh‐Haddad, E., & Elouty, A. (2018) · Written Language & Literacy · doi:10.1075/wll.00013.sai · Cited by 3
Self-citationLiteracy and Illiteracy in Africa: The Tower of Babel Predicament
Share, D. L. (2023) · Literacy studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26250-0_1 · Cited by 3
Constraining current neuroanatomical models of reading: the view from Arabic
Seghier, M. L., & Boudelaa, S. (2024) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-024-02827-y · Cited by 3
Habib, M., Arshad, N. A., & O'BRIEN, B. A. (2022) · Literacy studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80072-7_13 · Cited by 3
The lexical status of verbs among typical and dyslexic native Arabic readers: a developmental model
Abu‐Rabia, S., & Wattad, H. (2021) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-021-00243-z · Cited by 3
Texts for reading instruction and the most common words in modern standard Arabic: an investigation
Wolsey, T. D., Karkouti, I. M., Hiebert, E. H., Seoud, D. A. E., Abadzi, H., & Abdelkhalek, F. (2022) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-022-10307-0 · Cited by 6
Some Thoughts on the Relation Between Language, Dialect, and Literacy
Spolsky, B. (2022) · Literacy studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80072-7_1 · Cited by 2
Reading and Writing in a Diglossic Context: A Multifaceted Perspective
Abu-Liel, A. K., Ibrahim, R., Nir, B., & Eviatar, Z. (2022) · Literacy studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80072-7_14 · Cited by 2
Rakhlin, N., Li, N., Aljughaiman, A. M., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2024) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-23-00522 · Cited by 2
The Stability of Linguistic Skills of Arabic-Speaking Children Between Kindergarten and First Grade
Mansour‐Adwan, J., & Khateb, A. (2024) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-23-00533 · Cited by 2
Taha, H. Y., & Rezeq, F. A.-A. (2020) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-020-00998-0 · Cited by 2
Arabic Typical and Atypical Acquisition: Introduction to the Special Issue
Saiegh‐Haddad, E., & Armon-Lotem, S. (2025) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-24-00803 · Cited by 2
Self-citationKhatib-Abbas, S., & Lipka, O. (2025) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-025-00331-4 · Cited by 4
Asadi, I. A., Kawar, K., & Tarabeh, G. (2025) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2025_jslhr-24-00673 · Cited by 1
Word learning in Arabic-speaking primary school students
Balshe, R., & Masterson, J. (2026) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-025-01061-2 · Cited by 2
The Foundations of Arabic Word Reading: Evidence from a 2-Year Longitudinal Study
Tibi, S., Kim, Y. G., Salha, S. H., & Kirby, J. R. (2026) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2026.2640910 · Cited by 1
Operationalization, validation, and universalization of the 2025 IDA definition of dyslexia
Shechter, A., Share, D. L., Shalhoub‐Awwad, Y., Cohen‐Mimran, R., & Shany, M. (2026) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-026-10796-3 · Cited by 1
Asli‐Badarneh, A., & Awawdeh, B. (2026) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-026-10877-3 · Cited by 1
Asli‐Badarneh, A. (2026) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.70044 · Cited by 1
Alsiddiqi, Z. A., Stojanovik, V., & Pagnamenta, E. (2024) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-23-00643 · Cited by 7
The impact of Mandarin–Cantonese diglossia on Chinese children’s literacy skills
Huang, X., Zhang, C., Zheng, Z., Yuan, J., Li, X., Ren, Y., & Ye, Y. (2024) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-024-10608-6 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Saiegh-Haddad, E.
- Affiliations
- Bar-Ilan University Israel, Ramat Gan
- Venue
- Journal of Learning Disabilities
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-07-17
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 454-462
- ISSN
- 0022-2194 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4780
- OpenAlex
- W2736647809
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 13.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Learning Disabilities (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Education › Arabic Language Education Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- reading acquisition, vowelization, diacritics, derivational morphology, diglossia, orthography, reading development, phonological distance
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development, Humans, Models, Psychological, Psycholinguistics, Reading, Arabs
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
