Diglossia.
Open accessThe claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Arabic is a typical case of diglossia.
“Arabic is a typical case of diglossia (Ferguson, 1959), which is a sociolinguistic context in which speakers within a single speech community simultaneously use two varieties of a language: one for everyday communication and another for formal interactions and writing.”
From Development and relationships between phonological awareness, morphological awareness and word reading in spoken and standard Arabic (2018) · cites this paper as Ferguson, 1959
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Language style as audience design
Bell, A. (1984) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s004740450001037x · Cited by 3,008 · see citing works
Crystal, D. (2003) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511486999 · Cited by 1,967 · see citing works
Bilingualism With and Without Diglossia; Diglossia With and Without Bilingualism
Fishman, J. A. (1967) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1967.tb00573.x · Cited by 1,755 · see citing works
Spolsky, B. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511615245 · Cited by 981 · see citing works
Clyne, M. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511606526 · Cited by 859 · see citing works
Linguistic and Social Interaction in Two Communities1
Gumperz, J. J. (1964) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.1964.66.suppl_3.02a00100 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
Haugen, E. (1966) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.1966.68.4.02a00040 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Arabic Natural Language Processing: Challenges and Solutions
Farghaly, A., & Shaalan, K. (2009) · ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing · doi:10.1145/1644879.1644881 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Translanguaging and Literacies
Garcı́a, O., & Kleifgen, J. A. (2019) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.286 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
(2014) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567300.001.0001 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Romaine, S. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/01301-8 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Hornberger, N. H. (1989) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543059003271 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Sciullo, A.-M. D., Muysken, P. C., & Singh, R. (1986) · Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s0022226700010537 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Janda, R. D. (2000) · Language Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0388-0001(00)00023-1 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Odlin, T. (2003) · doi:10.1002/9780470756492.ch15 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature
(1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/chol9780521444200 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages
Velupillai, V. (2015) · Creole language library · doi:10.1075/cll.48 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages
Mendizábal, B. G. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511975981 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
DÖRNYEI, Z., & AL‐HOORIE, A. H. (2017) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12408 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing
Habash, N. Y. (2010) · Synthesis lectures on human language technologies · doi:10.2200/s00277ed1v01y201008hlt010 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Prosodic typology: by prominence type, word prosody, and macro-rhythm
Jun, S. (2014) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567300.003.0017 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
the “real” Haitian Creole: ideology, metalinguistics, and orthographic choice
Schieffelin, B. B., & Doucet, R. C. (1994) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1525/ae.1994.21.1.02a00090 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Errington, J. (2001) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.19 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Musgrave, S. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107445307.026 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
A Sociolinguistic Perspective on Second Language Use in Immersion Classrooms
Tarone, E. E., & Swain, M. (1995) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1995.tb05428.x · Cited by 257 · see citing works
The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization
Miller, C., & Falchetta, J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108559249 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Beyond Language: Ebonics, Proper English, and Identity in a Black-American Speech Community
Ogbu, J. U. (1999) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1163537 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
The Structure of Arabic Language and Orthography
Saiegh‐Haddad, E., & Henkin, R. (2014) · Literacy studies · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8545-7_1 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
An Analysis of the Interaction of Language, Topic, and Listener
Ervin-Tripp, S. Μ. (1964) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.1964.66.suppl_3.02a00050 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Triglossia and Swahili-English bilingualism in Tanzania
Mkilifi, M. H. A. (1972) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s004740450000049x · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Suleiman, Y. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511819926 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Third Language Acquisition and Linguistic Transfer
Rothman, J., Alonso, J. G., & Puig‐Mayenco, E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014660 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
The range and depth of English‐knowing bilinguals in Singapore
Pakir, A. (1991) · World Englishes · doi:10.1111/j.1467-971x.1991.tb00149.x · Cited by 229 · see citing works
The Experimental Analysis of Social Performance
Argyle, M., & Kendon, A. (1967) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60342-1 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Linguistic Features and Typologies in Languages Commonly Referred to as ‘Nilo-Saharan’
Dimmendaal, G. J., Ahland, C., Jakobi, A., & Lojenga, C. K. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108283991.011 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Outline of a theory of diglossia
Hudson, A. J. (2002) · International Journal of the Sociology of Language · doi:10.1515/ijsl.2002.039 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“A Funky Language for Teenzz to Use:” Representing Gulf Arabic in Instant Messaging
Palfreyman, D. M., & Khalil, M. A. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2003.tb00355.x · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Coulmas, F. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511815522 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Word recognition and basic cognitive processes among reading-disabled and normal readers in Arabic.
Abu-Rabia, S., Share, D., & Mansour, M. S. (2003) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1023/a:1024237415143 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Bilingualism and biculturism as individual and as societal phenomena
Fishman, J. A. (1980) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.1980.9993995 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
The Cambridge Handbook of African Linguistics
Wolff, H. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108283991 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
GARRETT, P. B. (2005) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404505050128 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Language attitudes in Morocco following recent changes in language policy
Marley, D. (2004) · Language Policy · doi:10.1023/b:lpol.0000017724.16833.66 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Ochs, E., & Solomon, O. (2010) · Ethos · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1352.2009.01082.x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Language ecology and endangerment
Grenoble, L. A. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511975981.002 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Language use, and language policy and planning in Hong Kong
Poon, A. Y. K. (2010) · Current Issues in Language Planning · doi:10.1080/14664201003682327 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The Language of Classic Maya Inscriptions
Houston, S., Robertson, J., & Stuart, D. (2000) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/300142 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Patrick, P. L. (2004) · doi:10.1002/9780470756591.ch23 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Writing System Variation and Its Consequences for Reading and Dyslexia
Daniels, P. T., & Share, D. L. (2017) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2017.1379082 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
English in Singapore: culture, capital and identity in linguistic variation
Alsagoff, L. (2010) · World Englishes · doi:10.1111/j.1467-971x.2010.01658.x · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Woodbury, A. C. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511975981.009 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
The Sociolinguistics of Sign Languages
Lucas, C. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511612824 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Language policy in French colonies and after independence
Spolsky, B. (2018) · Current Issues in Language Planning · doi:10.1080/14664208.2018.1444948 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Aralex: A lexical database for Modern Standard Arabic
Boudelaa, S., & Marslen‐Wilson, W. D. (2010) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.42.2.481 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The intonational phonology of Catalan
Prieto, P. (2014) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567300.003.0003 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Language shift, bilingualism and the future of Britain's Celtic languages
Kandler, A., Unger, R., & Steele, J. (2010) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0051 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF EGYPTIAN AND PALESTINIAN ARABIC HERITAGE SPEAKERS’ ORAL PRODUCTION
Albirini, A., Benmamoun, E., & Saadah, E. (2011) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263110000768 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today
(2013) · Linguistik aktuell · doi:10.1075/la · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Mixed grammar, purist grammar, and language attitudes in modern Nahuatl
Hill, J. H., & Hill, K. C. (1980) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404500008241 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Effects of exposure to literary Arabic on reading comprehension in a diglossic situation
Abu‐Rabia, S. (2000) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1023/a:1008133701024 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Morphological units in the Arabic mental lexicon
Boudelaa, S., & Marslen‐Wilson, W. D. (2001) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(01)00119-6 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Is the Science of Reading Just the Science of Reading English?
Share, D. L. (2021) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.401 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Revitalization of endangered languages
Hinton, L. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511975981.015 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Loporcaro, M. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/chol9780521800723.004 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Bradley, D. T. C., & Bradley, M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139644570 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Linguistic identities in talk-in-interaction: Order in bilingual conversation
Gafaranga, J. (2001) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/s0378-2166(01)00008-x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Håkansson, G., Salameh, E., & Nettelbladt, U. (2003) · Linguistics · doi:10.1515/ling.2003.009 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Diglossia and illiteracy in the Arab world1
Ayari, S. (1996) · Language Culture and Curriculum · doi:10.1080/07908319609525233 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Sociolinguistics and Language Education
McKay, S. L. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02246-8_2 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Intonation and prosody in Dalabon
Fletcher, J. M. (2014) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567300.003.0009 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Heritage languages: A language contact approach
Aalberse, S., Backus, A., & Muysken, P. (2019) · Studies in Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/sibil.58 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The intonational phonology of European Portuguese
Frota, S. (2014) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567300.003.0002 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Completion of the Consonant Inventory of Arabic
Amayreh, M. M. (2003) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2003/042 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Gafaranga, J. (2004) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2004.10.002 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Goodman, B. A., & Tastanbek, S. (2020) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.571 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Reformed literature and literature reformed
Cummings, B. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/chol9780521444200.037 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Fergies prescience: the changing nature of diglossia in Tunisia
Walters, K. (2003) · International Journal of the Sociology of Language · doi:10.1515/ijsl.2003.048 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Language Policy, Language Teachers' Beliefs, and Classroom Practices
Farrell, T. S. C., & Kun, S. T. K. (2007) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amm050 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The Bilingual and Multilingual Community
Romaine, S. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118332382.ch18 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Mergers and acquisitions: on the ages and origins of Singapore English particles1
Lim, L. (2007) · World Englishes · doi:10.1111/j.1467-971x.2007.00522.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages
Ledgeway, A. N. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/chol9780521800723 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Language Endangerment and Language Documentation in Africa
Lüpke, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108283991.015 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
MAWRID: A Model of Arabic Word Reading in Development
Saiegh-Haddad, E. (2018) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219417720460 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Dynamics of orthographic standardization in Jamaican Creole and Nigerian Pidgin
Deuber, D., & Hinrichs, L. (2007) · World Englishes · doi:10.1111/j.1467-971x.2007.00486.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Performing History: The Importance of Occasions
Burke, P. (2005) · Rethinking History · doi:10.1080/1364252042000329241 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Abdulhadi (2011) · doi:10.1093/wsr/wsr014 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The semiotics of improvisation: The pragmatics of musical and verbal performance
Sawyer, R. K. (1996) · Semiotica · doi:10.1515/semi.1996.108.3-4.269 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The language situation in Timor-Leste
Taylor-Leech, K. (2009) · Current Issues in Language Planning · doi:10.1080/14664200802339840 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The Effects of Teaching Spoken Arabic on Students'Attitudes and Motivation in Israel
Donitsa‐Schmidt, S., Inbar‐Lourie, O., & Shohamy, E. (2004) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.0026-7902.2004.00226.x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Angelelli, C. V., & Degueldre, C. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511606465.005 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Learning about noun plurals in early Palestinian Arabic
Ravid, D. D., & Farah, R. (1999) · First Language · doi:10.1177/014272379901905603 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Verbal indirection in Akan informal discourse
Obeng, S. G. (1994) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/0378-2166(94)90046-9 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Salameh, E., Håkansson, G., & Nettelbladt, U. (2004) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/13682820310001595628 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Methodology of studying intonation: from data collection to data analysis
Jun, S., & Fletcher, J. M. (2014) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567300.003.0016 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Loporcaro, M. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/chol9780521800723.005 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Vallejo, C., & Dooly, M. (2019) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2019.1600469 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Saiegh-Haddad, E., & Schiff, R. (2016) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2016.1180526 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Multilingualism: The global approach to sign languages
Woll, B., Sutton-Spence, R. L., & Elton, F. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511612824.004 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Language choice as an index of identity: linguistic landscape in Dili, Timor-Leste
Taylor-Leech, K. (2011) · International Journal of Multilingualism · doi:10.1080/14790718.2011.583654 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ferguson, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ferguson, Charles A.
- Venue
- WORD
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1959-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 325-340
- ISSN
- 0043-7956 (ISSN-L)
- 2373-5112
- OpenAlex
- W4240298715
- Cited by
- 3,206
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 233 · 2025: 274 · 2024: 172 · 2023: 137 · 2022: 208 · 2021: 151 · 2020: 223 · 2019: 222 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 119 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 127 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 78 · 2012: 94
- FWCI
- 14.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- WORD (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Linguistics, Cultural Analysis
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Lexicography and Language Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and Language Studies
- Keywords
- diglossia, language contact, language varieties, bilingualism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
